【正文】 of your own head, but Smith says, absolutely not, what a horrid thought. And so this raises the question, and so, as Smith puts it, amp。quot。When our passive feelings are almost always so sordid and so selfish, how es it that our active principles should often be so generous and so noble?amp。quot。 And Smithamp。39。s answer is, amp。quot。It is reason, principle, conscience. [This] calls to us, with a voice capable of astonishing the most presumptuous of our passions, that we are but one of the multitude, in no respect better than any other in it.amp。quot。
　　亞當斯密讓你來想象數千人死亡的場景，想象這數千人是在你不熟悉的國家。可能是中國，或者是印度，或者是某個非洲國家。斯密說到，你會怎樣回應? 你可能會說，這太糟了，然后繼續(xù)你的生活。如果你打開紐約時報的網站或什么，看到這些消息，事實上這常發(fā)生，我們繼續(xù)我們的生活。斯密說，想象另一個畫面： 你發(fā)現明天你的小手指會被砍掉。斯密說，這太重要了。你整晚會睡不著覺輾轉反側。這就提出了問題：你會犧牲數千人的生命以求得保全自己小手指嗎? 現在在自己的腦袋里回答這個問題，但是斯密說，絕對不，這是多么邪惡的想法。這就提出了問題，隨后，斯密提出這樣的疑問，”。我們的消極情緒總是 如此利欲熏心，自私卑鄙，我們的行為又怎么可能時常很無私和高尚呢?”。斯密回答道，”。因為理性，道德，良知?！薄這]告訴我們能夠驚人地絕大部分 爆發(fā)我們的激情，但眾多思考中，沒有比尊重更重要。”。
　　And this last part is what is often described as the principle of impartiality. And this principle of impartiality manifests itself in all of the worldamp。39。s religions, in all of the different versions of the golden rule, and in all of the worldamp。39。s moral philosophies, which differ in many ways but share the presupposition that we should judge morality from sort of an impartial point of view.
　　最后的這個部分是有關公正的原則。這樣公正的原則在全世界宗教中都有所證明，在各種不同版本的黃金法則，世界上所有的道德哲學，即使有所不同但共有的假設是 我們應該從公正的角度來評判道德。
　　The best articulation of this view is actually, for me, itamp。39。s not from a theologian or from a philosopher, but from Humphrey Bogart at the end of amp。quot。Casablanca.amp。quot。 So, spoiler alert, heamp。39。s telling his lover that they have to separate for the more general good, and he says to her, and I wonamp。39。t do the accent, but he says to her, amp。quot。It doesnamp。39。t take much to see that the problems of three little people donamp。39。t amount to a hill of beans in this crazy world.amp。quot。
　　這觀點最重要的是事實上，對我來說，這不是從宗教學家或哲學家聽來，而是從亨弗萊。鮑嘉在電影”。卡薩布蘭卡”。片尾的表現。警告有劇透，他告訴他的愛人 為了更偉大的善，他們必須要分開，他對她說，我不會模仿這口音，他對她說”。不用多久就可以看到這三個小人的問題不會使世界瘋狂。”。
　　Our reason could cause us to override our passions. Our reason could motivate us to extend our empathy, could motivate us to write a book like amp。quot。Uncle Tomamp。39。s Cabin,amp。quot。 or read a book like amp。quot。Uncle Tomamp。39。s Cabin,amp。quot。 and our reason can motivate us to create customs and taboos and laws that will constrain us from acting upon our impulses when, as rational beings, we feel we should be constrained. This is what a constitution is. A constitution is something which was set up in the past that applies now in the present, and what it says is, no matter how much we might to reelect a popular president for a third term, no matter how much white Americans might choose to feel that they want to reinstate the institution of slavery, we canamp。39。t. We have bound ourselves.
　　我們的理性可以駕馭我們的熱情。我們的理性可以激勵我們擴展我們的同理心，可以激勵我們寫”。湯姆叔叔的小屋”。這樣的書或者看”。湯姆叔叔的小屋”。， 我們的理性可以促使我們創(chuàng)造海關，煙草和法律這會限制我們沖動的行為，當理性存在，我們感到我們要被限制。這是憲法。憲法是過去撰寫的 適用于現在以及未來，憲法提到的，無論我們多想選舉受歡迎的總統(tǒng)開始第三任期，無論美國白人多么想重新回到奴隸制度，我們不能。我們限制自己。
　　And we bind ourselves in other ways as well. We know that when it es to choosing somebody for a job, for an award, we are strongly biased by their race, we are biased by their gender, we are biased by how attractive they are, and sometimes we might say, amp。quot。Well fine, thatamp。39。s the way it should be.amp。quot。 But other times we say, amp。quot。This is wrong.amp。quot。 And so to bat this, we donamp。39。t just try harder, but rather what we do is we set up situations where these other sources of information canamp。39。t bias us, which is why many orchestras audition musicians behind screens, so the only information they have is the information they believe should matter. I think prejudice and bias illustrate a fundamental duality of human nature.
　　我們也從別的方式約束自己。當我們想要選擇某人來從事一項工作，獲得一個獎項，我們很容易受到種族因素的影響，我們會因他們的性別產生偏見， 我們會因為他們的樣貌產生偏愛，有時我們會說，”。是的，就是這樣?！?。有時我們會說，”。這是錯的?！薄榱藢惯@些，我們不僅更加努力，我們建立機構 這些信息資源不會有成見，這就是為什么很多交響樂團面試音樂家時，讓他們站在幕后，這樣評委唯一的信息來源就是他們認為最重要的。我認為偏見和偏愛 展示了人性最基礎的二元性。
　　We have gut feelings, instincts, emotions, and they affect our judgments and our actions for good and for evil, but we are also capable of rational deliberation and intelligent planning, and we can use these to, in some cases, accelerate and nourish our emotions, and in other cases staunch them. And itamp。39。s in this way that reason helps us create a better you.
　　我們有膽識，本能，情感，這會影響我們對于好與壞的判斷和行為，但我們同樣有能力做出理性思考和智能規(guī)劃， 我們可以運用這些，在某些情況下，加速和豐富我們的情緒，某些情況下止住它們。這樣成見和偏愛就能幫助我們創(chuàng)建更美好的世界。謝謝。