【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 接不帶to 的不定式，意為“不妨”。If that is the case, we may as well 、祈求、祝愿，?？勺g為祝愿。如： May you have a good 。May you be happy！祝你幸福！(1)表示允許或征詢對(duì)方許可，有“可以”之意，如：You may use my “可以做某事”或“不可以做某事”時(shí)，一般多不用may或 may not，以避免語(yǔ)氣生硬或不容氣。而用比較婉轉(zhuǎn)的說(shuō)法進(jìn)行回答。如：May I use this dictionary?Yes, ，如果Might I…? 就比用May I…? 語(yǔ)氣更婉轉(zhuǎn)些，如：May I have a look at your new puter? 但是表示“阻止”或“禁止”對(duì)方做某事時(shí)，要用must not代替may not，如：May we swim in this lake?No, you mustn’’s too dangerous.(2)may或 might都可以表示可能性，表示“或許”、“可能”之意，如果用might表示可能性，則語(yǔ)氣更加不肯定，如：They may(might)be in the library 、must的基本用法(1)must表示“必須”、“應(yīng)該”之意，其否定式 must not，縮寫(xiě)形式為 mustn39。t，表示“不應(yīng)該”，“不準(zhǔn)”、“不許可”或“禁止”之意，如：We must study hard and make progress every mustn39。t touch the fire.(2)對(duì)以must提出的疑問(wèn)句，如作否定回答時(shí)，要用needn39。t或用don39。t(doesn39。t)have to(不必)來(lái)回答，而不用mustn39。t，因?yàn)閙ustn39。t表示的是“禁止”或“不許可”之意，如：Must we finish the work tomorrow?No, you needn39。t(don39。t have to), but you must finish it in three days.(3)在肯定句中must可以表示推測(cè)，表示“一定”或“必定”之意，如：Whose new bike can it be?It must be Liu Dong39。 know his father has just bought him a new 、can, could, may, must后接完成式的用法(1)can, could后接完成式的用法：①在否定句或疑問(wèn)句中表示對(duì)過(guò)去發(fā)生過(guò)的事情的“懷疑”或“不肯定”的態(tài)度，Could he have said so? ②在肯定句中，可以表示過(guò)去可能做到而實(shí)際并沒(méi)做到的事情，有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語(yǔ)氣。如：When did you answer her letter?Only 39。s too could have answered it earlier, I am sure.(2)may, might后接完成式的用法①表示對(duì)過(guò)去某事的推測(cè)，認(rèn)為某一件事情在過(guò)去可能發(fā)生了。如果使用might，語(yǔ)氣就比較婉轉(zhuǎn)或更加不肯定，如：Mary might have learned some Chinese before.②可以表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做到而實(shí)際沒(méi)有做到的事情，有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語(yǔ)氣，如：You didn39。t do the work well that might have done it better.(3)must后接完成式的用法：表示對(duì)過(guò)去某事的推測(cè)，認(rèn)為某事在過(guò)去一定做到了，如：Liu Dong isn’t in the must have gone to the 、have to 的基本用法：have to和must的意義相近，只是 must側(cè)重表示說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，而have to 則表示客觀需要注意：在這種用法中，回答以must引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句時(shí)，若是否定答復(fù)，不可以用mustn39。t 而需要用needn39。t 或是don39。t have to，因?yàn)閙ustn39。t意思是“絕不能、一定不要”，而沒(méi)有“不必”的意思。例如：Must we hand in our exercises today ? 我們今天必須交作業(yè)嗎？Yes , you ，必須交。No , you needn39。t(or , you don39。t have to).不，不必今天交。ought to的基本用法(l)表示根據(jù)某種義務(wù)或必要“應(yīng)當(dāng)”做某事，語(yǔ)氣比should強(qiáng)，例如：Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.(2)表示推測(cè)，注意與must表示推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別：He must be home by now.(斷定他已到家)，He ought to be home by now.(不十分肯定)，This is where the oil must be.(比較直率)，This is where the oil ought to be.(比較含蓄)；(3)“ought + have+ 過(guò)去分詞”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。例如：You ought to have helped him.(but you didn’t)這時(shí)，ought與 should可以互相換用。注意，在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中ought to 用于否定和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)to可以省略。例如：Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so 、dare的基本用法(l)dare(dared為其過(guò)去式)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，主要用于否定句，疑問(wèn)句和條件從句中，如：Dared he bread the traffic regulations again?(2)在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中dare常用作行為動(dòng)詞，其變化與一般行為動(dòng)詞相同，如：She dares to stay at home alone at 、need的基本用法(1)need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中，如：He needn39。t worry about us now.(2)need也可作為行為動(dòng)詞用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句中，其后可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞或帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式為其賓語(yǔ)。(3)needn39。t后接完成式可以表示過(guò)去做了一件本來(lái)不必要做的事情shall的基本用法(1)shall用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用于第二、三人稱，表示說(shuō)活人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、“強(qiáng)制”、“威脅”或“允諾”等意，如：He shall go first, whether he wants to or not.(2)在疑問(wèn)句中，shall用于第一、三人稱，表示說(shuō)話人的征詢對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示，Shall用于第一人稱和第三人稱的疑問(wèn)句中是向聽(tīng)話人征求意見(jiàn)或命令。用于第二，三人稱的陳述句是表示說(shuō)話人(并非主語(yǔ))的意志或愿意，含命令，許諾，威脅等含義。Example dialogues: ① Martin: Shall I bring my pen to the meeting tomorrow, sir? = Do you want me to… 我要不要明天把筆帶來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)，老師？Teacher: Yes, you you shall tell other students to do the same and that they shan’t be late.= I demand that you tell… and that they shouldn’t be 。你還要告訴其他學(xué)生要帶筆，還有他們不能遲到。should的基本用法用于表示“建議、命令、要求、主張、指示”類(lèi)含義的名詞性從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分should do,但should可以省略；6)用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣句子中，表示發(fā)生的可能性不大，但也并非全無(wú)可能性，可譯為“萬(wàn)一”，如：If it should rain, buy an umbrella.= Should it rain, buy… 萬(wàn)一下雨就買(mǎi)一把傘。Stay at home in case he should e to visit 。7）還可以表示興奮或吃驚，可譯為“竟然”，如: Guess who that man should be my favorite 。他竟然是我最喜愛(ài)的演員。It’s amazing that she should be the only student who has won the ，真是神了。(1)should作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以表示“建議”或“勸告”，有“應(yīng)該”之意，如：You should learn from each other.(2)should后接完成式表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有做到本來(lái)應(yīng)該做的事情，或是做了本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做的事情。Should 表推測(cè)，想必一定，照說(shuō)應(yīng)該、估計(jì)。竟然They should be home by 、will的基本用法(1)表意愿，用于各人稱陳述句，可以表示“意志”或“決心”，如：I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not you will read the book, I will lend it to you.(2)在疑問(wèn)句中用于第二人稱，表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿，如：Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium?(3)will表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有“總是”或“會(huì)要”之意 Fish will die out of door won’t 。Used to 表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在不復(fù)發(fā)生或存在，疑問(wèn)式和否定式有兩種。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),適用于第二人稱和第三人稱。主要表示下面幾層意思： 1）許諾You shall hear everything directly you 。“Whatever you want you shall have , ”said the ：“你想得到什么，你就可以有什么?！?I don39。t want to be hard on your daughter。she shan39。t be ，她不會(huì)太受壓的。I promise that you shall see her again before 。2）命令You shall e to my office 。She shall not stay in my 。He shall not e into my 。You shall do as you are 。3）決心（表示某事一定會(huì)發(fā)生）That day shall 。It has been decided that he shall be given the 。This law shall e into effect on January 1st 2001 這個(gè)法律于2001年元月1日生效。4）規(guī)定Each petitor shall wear a 。The renter shall keep the house in a neat and orderly 。The supplier shall make shipment before October and the purchaser shall make payment within 15 days after receipt of the ，買(mǎi)方在收到貨物后十五天內(nèi)付款。should（用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，有時(shí)表示具體的意思，有時(shí)卻沒(méi)有意義。主要用于下面幾個(gè)方面。）1）表示出于職責(zé)、義務(wù)該做某事You shouldn39。t e to such a decision 。You should write to your parents at least once a 。We should read English aloud every 。They should do it for their own 。2）表示對(duì)某種情況的估計(jì)She shouldn39。t be out in such an early 。The effect of the tax should be felt in higher 。The event should lead them to a even worse economic 。This book should be published in two months at 。3）表示驚訝、失望等情緒I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so ，竟然每個(gè)人都如此傷心就太糟糕了。Why should I pay him for nothing ? 我干嗎要無(wú)為地付給他錢(qián)？ It seems so unfair that this should happen to 。It39。s strange that it should be so cold ，今天怎么會(huì)這么冷。4）用于某些從句中表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣The doctor insisted that the girl should be 。If it had not been for the doctor39。s care the girl should not be speaking to you ，這個(gè)女孩現(xiàn)在就不能與你說(shuō)話了。She stood away so that he should enter the room ，好讓他第一個(gè)進(jìn)入房間。I39。ll write it down lest I should forget it 我將它記下以免遺忘。Take an umbrella with you in case it should ，以防萬(wàn)一下雨。用于表示一種驚訝的語(yǔ)氣，should的這一用法也