【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 utations are necessary any more, but test statistics can be drawn from use of accident statistics for traffic safety testing procedure described has its merits for those types of analysis that are based on the assumptions best example of such an application is the monitoring of safety for a country or region over a year, using the total number of accidents(eventually of a particular type, such as fatal accidents), in order to pare this number with the oute of the year sequences of accidents are given over several years, then trends in the developments can be detected and accident numbers predicted for following such a trend is established, then the value for the next year or years can be predicted, together with its error from a given trend can also be tested afterwards, and new actions most famous one is carried out by Smeed will discuss this type of accident analysis in more detail application of the Chisquare test for interaction is generalised to higher order and Lane(1974), in measuring the effect of pulsory wearing of seat belts, were among the first who applied the partitioning of the total Chisquare in values for the higher order interactions of fourway are not restricted to overall effects, but Chisquare values can be deposed regarding subhypotheses within the in the twoway table, the total Chisquare can be deposed into interaction effects of part advantage of previous situations is, that large numbers of Chisquare tests on many interrelated(sub)tables andcorresponding Chisquares were replaced by one analysis with an exact portioning of one attention is put to parameter ., the partitioning of the Chisquare made it possible to test for linear or quadratic restraints on the rowparameters or for discontinuities in unit of analysis is generalised from counts to weighted is especially advantageous for road safety analyses, where corrections for period of time, number of road users, number of locations or number of vehicle kilometres is often last option is not found in many statistical 1977 gives an example for road safety analysis in a twoway puter programme WPM, developed for this type of analysis of multiway tables, is available at SWOV(see: De Leeuw and Oppe 1976).The accident analysis at this level is not tries to detect safety problems that need special basic information needed consists of accident numbers, to describe the total amount of unsafety, and exposure data to calculate risks and to find situations or(groups of)road users with a high level of analysis for research safety research is concerned with the occurrence of accidents and their , one might say that the object of research is the researchers interest however is less focused at this final oute itself, but much more at the process that results(or does not result)in , it is better to regard the critical event in traffic as his object of of the major problems in the study of the traffic process that results in accidents is, that the actual occurrence is hardly ever observed by the a traffic accident, he will try to reconstruct the event from indirect sources such as the information given by the road users involved, or by eyewitnesses, about the circumstances, the characteristics of the vehicles, the road and the such this is not unique in science, there are more examples of an indirect study of the object of , a second difficulty is, that the object of research cannot be research by means of controlled experiments is only possible for aspects of the problem, not for the problem bination of indirect observation and lack of systematic control make it very difficult for the investigator to detect which factors, under what circumstances cause an the researcher is primarily interested in the process leading to accidents, he has almost exclusively information about the consequences, the product of it, the , the context of accidents is speaking, the following aspects can be distinguished: Given an accident, also depending on a large number of factors, such as the speed and mass of vehicles, the collision angle, the protection of road users and their vulnerability, the location of impact etc., injuries are more or less severe or the material damage is more or less these aspects cannot be studied independently, from a theoretical point of view it has advantages to distinguish the number of situations in traffic that are potentially dangerous, from the probability of having an accident given such a potentially dangerous situation and also from the resulting oute, given a particular conceptual framework is the general basis for the formulation of risk regarding the decisions of individual road users as well as the decisions of controllers at higher the mathematical formulation of risk we need an explicit description of our probability space, consisting of the elementary events(the situations)that may result in accidents, the probability for each type of event to end up in an accident, and finally the particular oute, the loss, given that type of different approach is to look at binations of accident characteristics, to find critical type of analysis may be carried out at the total group of accidents or at accident itself may be the unit of research, but also a road, a road location, a road design( roundabout)etc.第二篇：1300外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯Agricultural Land and Regulation in the Transition Economy of Russia Ekaterina Gnedenko1 amp。 Michael Kazmin2 Published online: 7 July 2015 International Atlantic Economic Society 2015 JEL Classification This research note explores the link between farmland conversion and existing land regulation in conclude that land regulation is lagging the new market trends in the transition economy of market forces continue to penetrate the economy, apparent managerial and statutory problems with regard to local landuse planning and regulation preclude more effective use of to the need for attracting investment in agriculture, the Russian Ministry of Science an