【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ay, might后接完成式的用法①表示對(duì)過(guò)去某事的推測(cè)，認(rèn)為某一件事情在過(guò)去可能發(fā)生了。如果使用might，語(yǔ)氣就比較婉轉(zhuǎn)或更加不肯定，如：Mary might have learned some Chinese before.②可以表示過(guò)去本來(lái)可以做到而實(shí)際沒(méi)有做到的事情，有“勸告”或“責(zé)備”的語(yǔ)氣，如：You didn39。t do the work well that might have done it better.(3)must后接完成式的用法：表示對(duì)過(guò)去某事的推測(cè)，認(rèn)為某事在過(guò)去一定做到了，如：Liu Dong isn’t in the must have gone to the 、have to 的基本用法：have to和must的意義相近，只是 must側(cè)重表示說(shuō)話人的主觀看法，而have to 則表示客觀需要注意：在這種用法中，回答以must引導(dǎo)的問(wèn)句時(shí)，若是否定答復(fù)，不可以用mustn39。t 而需要用needn39。t 或是don39。t have to，因?yàn)閙ustn39。t意思是“絕不能、一定不要”，而沒(méi)有“不必”的意思。例如：Must we hand in our exercises today ? 我們今天必須交作業(yè)嗎？Yes , you ，必須交。No , you needn39。t(or , you don39。t have to).不，不必今天交。ought to的基本用法(l)表示根據(jù)某種義務(wù)或必要“應(yīng)當(dāng)”做某事，語(yǔ)氣比should強(qiáng)，例如：Everyone ought to obey the traffic regulations.(2)表示推測(cè)，注意與must表示推測(cè)時(shí)的區(qū)別：He must be home by now.(斷定他已到家)，He ought to be home by now.(不十分肯定)，This is where the oil must be.(比較直率)，This is where the oil ought to be.(比較含蓄)；(3)“ought + have+ 過(guò)去分詞”表示過(guò)去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。例如：You ought to have helped him.(but you didn’t)這時(shí)，ought與 should可以互相換用。注意，在美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中ought to 用于否定和疑問(wèn)句時(shí)to可以省略。例如：Ought you smoke so much? You oughtn’t smoke so 、dare的基本用法(l)dare(dared為其過(guò)去式)作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，主要用于否定句，疑問(wèn)句和條件從句中，如：Dared he bread the traffic regulations again?(2)在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)中dare常用作行為動(dòng)詞，其變化與一般行為動(dòng)詞相同，如：She dares to stay at home alone at 、need的基本用法(1)need作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用時(shí)，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中，如：He needn39。t worry about us now.(2)need也可作為行為動(dòng)詞用，可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句中，其后可接名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞或帶 to 的動(dòng)詞不定式為其賓語(yǔ)。(3)needn39。t后接完成式可以表示過(guò)去做了一件本來(lái)不必要做的事情shall的基本用法(1)shall用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用于第二、三人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)活人的意愿，可表示“命令”、“警告”、“強(qiáng)制”、“威脅”或“允諾”等意，如：He shall go first, whether he wants to or not.(2)在疑問(wèn)句中，shall用于第一、三人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話人的征詢(xún)對(duì)方意見(jiàn)或請(qǐng)求指示，Shall用于第一人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)的疑問(wèn)句中是向聽(tīng)話人征求意見(jiàn)或命令。用于第二，三人稱(chēng)的陳述句是表示說(shuō)話人(并非主語(yǔ))的意志或愿意，含命令，許諾，威脅等含義。Example dialogues: ① Martin: Shall I bring my pen to the meeting tomorrow, sir? = Do you want me to… 我要不要明天把筆帶來(lái)開(kāi)會(huì)，老師？Teacher: Yes, you you shall tell other students to do the same and that they shan’t be late.= I demand that you tell… and that they shouldn’t be 。你還要告訴其他學(xué)生要帶筆，還有他們不能遲到。should的基本用法用于表示“建議、命令、要求、主張、指示”類(lèi)含義的名詞性從句中的謂語(yǔ)部分should do,但should可以省略；6)用在虛擬語(yǔ)氣句子中，表示發(fā)生的可能性不大，但也并非全無(wú)可能性，可譯為“萬(wàn)一”，如：If it should rain, buy an umbrella.= Should it rain, buy… 萬(wàn)一下雨就買(mǎi)一把傘。Stay at home in case he should e to visit 。7）還可以表示興奮或吃驚，可譯為“竟然”，如: Guess who that man should be my favorite 。他竟然是我最喜愛(ài)的演員。It’s amazing that she should be the only student who has won the ，真是神了。(1)should作為情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以表示“建議”或“勸告”，有“應(yīng)該”之意，如：You should learn from each other.(2)should后接完成式表示過(guò)去沒(méi)有做到本來(lái)應(yīng)該做的事情，或是做了本來(lái)不應(yīng)該做的事情。Should 表推測(cè)，想必一定，照說(shuō)應(yīng)該、估計(jì)。竟然They should be home by 、will的基本用法(1)表意愿，用于各人稱(chēng)陳述句，可以表示“意志”或“決心”，如：I have told him again and again to stop smoking, but he will not you will read the book, I will lend it to you.(2)在疑問(wèn)句中用于第二人稱(chēng)，表示說(shuō)話人向?qū)Ψ教岢稣?qǐng)求或詢(xún)問(wèn)對(duì)方的意愿，如：Will you please tell me how to get to the Capital Gymnasium?(3)will表示某種傾向或習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作，可以表示一種習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作，有“總是”或“會(huì)要”之意 Fish will die out of door won’t 。Used to 表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，現(xiàn)在不復(fù)發(fā)生或存在，疑問(wèn)式和否定式有兩種。Every time she was in trouble, she would go to him for 用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí),適用于第二人稱(chēng)和第三人稱(chēng)。主要表示下面幾層意思： 1）許諾You shall hear everything directly you ?！癢hatever you want you shall have , ”said the ：“你想得到什么，你就可以有什么?！?I don39。t want to be hard on your daughter。she shan39。t be ，她不會(huì)太受壓的。I promise that you shall see her again before 。2）命令You shall e to my office 。She shall not stay in my 。He shall not e into my 。You shall do as you are 。3）決心（表示某事一定會(huì)發(fā)生）That day shall 。It has been decided that he shall be given the 。This law shall e into effect on January 1st 2001 這個(gè)法律于2001年元月1日生效。4）規(guī)定Each petitor shall wear a 。The renter shall keep the house in a neat and orderly 。The supplier shall make shipment before October and the purchaser shall make payment within 15 days after receipt of the ，買(mǎi)方在收到貨物后十五天內(nèi)付款。should（用作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，有時(shí)表示具體的意思，有時(shí)卻沒(méi)有意義。主要用于下面幾個(gè)方面。）1）表示出于職責(zé)、義務(wù)該做某事You shouldn39。t e to such a decision 。You should write to your parents at least once a 。We should read English aloud every 。They should do it for their own 。2）表示對(duì)某種情況的估計(jì)She shouldn39。t be out in such an early 。The effect of the tax should be felt in higher 。The event should lead them to a even worse economic 。This book should be published in two months at 。3）表示驚訝、失望等情緒I think it is dreadful that anyone should be so ，竟然每個(gè)人都如此傷心就太糟糕了。Why should I pay him for nothing ? 我干嗎要無(wú)為地付給他錢(qián)？ It seems so unfair that this should happen to 。It39。s strange that it should be so cold ，今天怎么會(huì)這么冷。4）用于某些從句中表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣The doctor insisted that the girl should be 。If it had not been for the doctor39。s care the girl should not be speaking to you ，這個(gè)女孩現(xiàn)在就不能與你說(shuō)話了。She stood away so that he should enter the room ，好讓他第一個(gè)進(jìn)入房間。I39。ll write it down lest I should forget it 我將它記下以免遺忘。Take an umbrella with you in case it should ，以防萬(wàn)一下雨。用于表示一種驚訝的語(yǔ)氣，should的這一用法也是考試中常常出現(xiàn)的考點(diǎn)之一：例：It is unthinkable that a strong character like Nancy should find a weakwilled man acceptable.（象南希這樣很有主見(jiàn)的女子竟然覺(jué)得一個(gè)意志軟弱的男子也可以接受，真讓人不可想象。）I was shocked that she should have said such a thing to you.（她竟然對(duì)你說(shuō)這種話，真讓我吃驚。）will , would（would可以看作是will的過(guò)去式，這兩個(gè)詞除了時(shí)態(tài)不相同外，在表達(dá)意思的許多方面是相近的。當(dāng)然will 和would又都有一些各自不同的獨(dú)特用法。）1）用于第二人稱(chēng)疑問(wèn)句，表示請(qǐng)求（在這種用法中would使語(yǔ)氣更為客氣、委婉）Will you tell her that I39。ll be back in twenty minutes ? 請(qǐng)告訴她我二十分鐘后回來(lái)，好嗎？If you want help, just let me know , will you ? 你需要幫助就告訴我，好嗎？Won39。t you e in and have a little whisky ? 你要不要進(jìn)來(lái)喝一點(diǎn)兒威士忌？（或是：你進(jìn)來(lái)喝一點(diǎn)兒威士忌，好嗎？）Would you tell me how to get to the shopping center ? 您能告訴我怎么去購(gòu)物中心嗎？ 2）用于表示愿望Go where you 。I will pay you at the rate you 。He wouldn39。t let the doctor take his blood 。They had to obey whether they would or 。3）表示習(xí)慣、傾向（可譯成“總是會(huì)、老是，等”）Sometimes the cat will lie there all ，那只貓總是整個(gè)下午都躺在那兒。Oil and water will not 。He would sit there for hours, doing nothing at ，什么都不干。4）表示猜測(cè)（可譯成“一定是……、想必……，等”）This will be the house you39。re looking 。He will have gone back to New 。The person you mentioned would be the father , is that right ? 你說(shuō)的那個(gè)人一定是爸爸了，對(duì)嗎？That would be in 1999 , I 。5）will用于表示決心（可譯成“一定要,決心，等”）We will never talk about that subject 。I will make this puter work even if I have to stay up all 。6）would常用于虛擬條件句，表示與事實(shí)相反或不