【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 that there appeared increasing problems that can not be solved at one as Levinson(1983, )concluded, “presupposition remains, ninety years after Frege’s remarks on the subject, still only partially understood, and an important ground for the study of how semantics and pragmatics interact.” If you observe language carefully, you will find that the language we use is full of presuppositions, that is, presuppositions are municating with others, the speakers usually take a lot for granted, most of the timepeople presuppose of the information that people presupposed is factive, which can reflect several facts and some presuppositions can reflect the state of a previous time period, and some presuppositions are even we examine the language used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address, we also find that it is full of items and syntactical constructions that can trigger off presuppositions are called presupposition (1971)has collected thirtyone kinds of presupposition triggers, and Levinson(1983)have mainly discussed thirteen kinds of presupposition triggers chosen from Karttunen’s on their studies, Yan Huang(2009)has made some modifications on the classification of these presupposition this thesis, we find that both Levinson and Yan Huang’s classification of presupposition triggers are valuable and meaningful, therefore the study in this thesis will be based on the bination of their views on presupposition this thesis, through a statistical study of presupposition triggers, we mainly answer four questions, they are:what types of presupposition triggers are used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address。which presupposition triggers are the most frequently used ones。whysome specific presupposition triggers are used more frequently than others and through these triggers what information can be conveyed to us。through a statistical analysis of the presupposition triggers used in President Barack Obama’s inaugural address, can this help us to determine the main idea of his , our limitation in this thesis is that the presupposition triggers are detected manually, there may have some omissions or incorrect is hoped that this thesis will contribute to the further development of the presupposition theory and offer a better understanding of President Barack Obama’s inaugural address.【關(guān)鍵詞】預(yù)設(shè) 預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ) 就職演說(shuō)【英文關(guān)鍵詞】Presupposition Presupposition Triggers Inaugural Address 【目錄】奧巴馬就職演說(shuō)中的預(yù)設(shè)分析—從預(yù)設(shè)觸發(fā)語(yǔ)的角度AbstractIntroductionStudy11891113摘要1011Chapter One Necessity and Significance of the1112 Objectives of the Thesis Data Outline of the ThesisSource1213Review1336PresuppositionChapter Two Literature The Philosophical Origin of 1315 Semantic Presupposition and A Distinctive Feature of1718 Presupposition:Constancy under NegationPresupposition TriggersDescriptions18191825 Definite1920 Factive VerbsImplicative Verbs20 Change of State Iteratives Verbs of Temporal Clauses22 Cleft Sentences2223 Implicit Clefts with Stresses Constituents23 Comparison and Nonrestrictive Relative Counterfactual Conditionals24 Questions2425 Yan Huang’s Classification of Presupposition Definite Descriptions2526 Factive Aspectual/Change of State Predicates26 Iteratives Implicative Predicates26 Temporal Clauses2627 Cleft Sentences Counterfactual Conditionals27 Beaver and Geurts’Collection of Presupposition Triggers2729 Factives28 Aspectual Verbs28sTemporal Manner Sortally Restricted Predicates of Various Categories28QuantifiersDescriptions282929 Cleft Sentences Definite Names29 28 Intonation29PresuppositionPresuppositionProblem3132Projection ProblemAnalysis3436 The Pragmatic Approach to 29363031 Defeasibility of The Projection Karttunen’s Approaches to the 3234 Gazdar’s CancellationChapter Three Presupposition Analysis in3655 A Detailed Analysis Obama’s Inaugural Addressof the Presuppositions in Obama’s Inaugural Address3654 The Frequency Distribution Table of Presupposition Triggers in Obama’s InauguralAddressConclusion5558Thesis5557Study5758635455Chapter Four Main Findings of the Limitations and Suggestions for FurtherReferences5862Acknowledgements62學(xué)位論文評(píng)閱及答辯情況表第四篇：以美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)為例對(duì)美國(guó)“清音濁化”進(jìn)行研究摘 要:文章以美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的就職演說(shuō)及其他VOA節(jié)目的錄音為語(yǔ)料,對(duì)美國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)流中詞首[s]后的清音[p], [t], [k]的音變進(jìn)行了聲學(xué)分析。聲譜圖分析表明:美國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)流中詞首[s]后的[p],[ t], [k]在爆破之前聲帶并沒(méi)有振動(dòng),爆破之時(shí)即出現(xiàn)元音共振峰紋樣和基頻曲線。聲學(xué)分析表明美國(guó)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)流中詞首[s]后的[p], [t], [k]是非送氣的清音,不是濁音。關(guān)鍵詞:美國(guó)英語(yǔ) 清音 濁化 VOT 聲譜圖一、英語(yǔ)塞音的“清音濁化”英語(yǔ)有六個(gè)塞音: [p], [t], [k], [b], [d], [g]。按照發(fā)音部位不同分為三組,每組又按發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶振動(dòng)與否分為清濁。這六個(gè)音均可出現(xiàn)在詞首、詞中和詞尾三個(gè)位置。出現(xiàn)在詞首時(shí), [p], [ t],[k]送氣, [b], [d], [g]不送氣。李桂榮認(rèn)為清音濁化是指在發(fā)音時(shí)清輔音受到后面元音的影響從而改變了發(fā)音方式而變成濁輔音。認(rèn)為元音的聲帶振動(dòng)影響了前面的清輔音使之也成了聲帶振動(dòng)的音。[1]26李桂榮還對(duì)英語(yǔ)的爆破音(塞音),破擦音(塞擦音)進(jìn)行了研究,認(rèn)為美國(guó)英語(yǔ)中清音濁化現(xiàn)象更為普遍,而且無(wú)論在哪種英語(yǔ)中基本上都是語(yǔ)速越快,清音濁化現(xiàn)象越多。[1]30PeterRoach以英國(guó)英語(yǔ)為研究對(duì)象進(jìn)行研究后,指出英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)流中詞首[s]后的[p], [t], [k]為非送氣音,本族語(yǔ)人感知到的是[b], [d], [g]。而且,把錄有sp, st, sk開頭的單詞的磁帶剪掉[s]后播放,本族人感知到的仍是[b], [d],[g]。[2]33作者雖然沒(méi)有說(shuō)明此種情況聲帶是否振動(dòng),但作者卻指出位于詞首的[b], [d], [g]實(shí)際聲帶震動(dòng)很微弱,只有在非常仔細(xì)、非常慢的語(yǔ)速下,聲帶才在整個(gè)持阻階段振動(dòng),在語(yǔ)速快的時(shí)候聲帶根本就不振動(dòng)。詞首的[p], [t], [k]和[b], [d], [g]的區(qū)別不在清濁而在送氣與否。[2]32二、塞音的清濁之分和濁音起始時(shí)間VOT(Voice OnsetTime)很多語(yǔ)言或者方言中都有清塞音和濁塞音的區(qū)分。形成塞音要經(jīng)過(guò)成阻(closure phase)、持阻(hold phase)、除阻(release phase)和除阻后(postrelease phase)四個(gè)階段。[2]31一般說(shuō)來(lái),濁塞音的特征就是在閉塞持阻的階段出現(xiàn)聲帶的振動(dòng),即是帶音的。如果在這一階段不出現(xiàn)聲帶振動(dòng),即不帶音,就是清塞音。[3]120VOT是專對(duì)塞音說(shuō)的,即濁音起始時(shí)間(Voice OnsetTime),王士元譯為“相對(duì)清濁度”。[4]76主要是指塞音除阻和聲帶顫動(dòng)之間的時(shí)間關(guān)系,能比較精確地說(shuō)明塞音的清濁和送氣的情況,可以用上圖1(VoiceOnsetTime in clos