【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 puter is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions or program and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of ，它能接收一套指令或一個(gè)程序，然后通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行運(yùn)算或者對(duì)其他形式的信息進(jìn)行處理來(lái)執(zhí)行該程序。A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a puter what operations to perform on can be built into the hardware itself, or they may exist independently in a form known as ，告訴計(jì)算機(jī)硬件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)執(zhí)行什么樣的操作。程序可以內(nèi)嵌在硬件本身里，或以軟件的形式獨(dú)立存在。Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a puter and consists of the ponents that can be physically ，由可被物理操縱的部件組成。The need to share information and resources among different puters has led to linked puter systems, called networks, in which puters are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to ，導(dǎo)致了相互連接的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)生。這種 相互連接的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)被稱為網(wǎng)絡(luò)。A puter crime is an illegal action in which the perpetrator uses special knowledge of puter 。Viruses are programs that “migrate” through networks and operating systems and attach themselves to different programs and ，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)和操作系統(tǒng)中“遷移”，并附加到不同的程序和數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)上。A variant on the virus is the destructive program fills a puter system with selfreplicating information, clogging the system so that its operations are slowed or 。這種破壞性程序用自我復(fù)制的信息填滿計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)，以阻 塞系統(tǒng)，使系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行減慢或停止。英文縮寫IC 集成電路 LSI 大規(guī)模集成 VLSI 超大規(guī)模集成 I/O 輸入/輸出BIOS 基本輸入/輸出系統(tǒng) AI 人工智能 B2B 企業(yè)對(duì)企業(yè) B2C 企業(yè)對(duì)消費(fèi)者B2G 企業(yè)對(duì)政府 C2C 消費(fèi)者對(duì)消費(fèi)者 P2P 對(duì)等的 CDROM 只讀光盤RAM 隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器 ROM 制度存儲(chǔ)器 OS 操作系統(tǒng) （數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)）又稱 Electronic puter（電子計(jì)算機(jī)）第一代計(jì)算機(jī)：vacuum tube（真空管）。第二代計(jì)算機(jī)：transistor（晶體管）第三代計(jì)算機(jī)：integrated circuit或RC（集成電路）第四代計(jì)算機(jī)：Large integrated circuit（超大集成電路）計(jì)算機(jī)最小單位：bit(位)，一個(gè)字節(jié)等于8位。計(jì)算機(jī)分四種：Palmtop（掌上型計(jì)算機(jī)），workstation(工作站)，microputer(小型計(jì)算機(jī))，mainframe(大型機(jī))。計(jì)算機(jī)的5個(gè)組成部分：(1)a central processing unit。(2)input devices。(3)memory storage devices。(4)output devices。and(5)a munications network.（1）中央處理器；（2）輸入設(shè)備；（3）存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備；（4）輸出設(shè)備；以及（5）被稱作總線的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)。第二章：Input Hardware（輸入硬件）： light pen(光筆)，mouse（鼠標(biāo)），oystick（操縱桿），keyboard（鍵盤），scanner（描儀儀），microphone（麥克風(fēng)），modulatordemodulator（調(diào)制器―解調(diào)器）。output Hardware（輸出硬件）： display（顯示器），printer（打印機(jī)），speakers（音箱）。Storage Hardware（存儲(chǔ)硬件）：Hard（硬盤）, floppy（軟盤）, magnetooptical（磁光盤）,pact（光盤）。掃描儀：flatbed scanner（平板式掃描儀），handheld scanner（手持式掃描儀）。顯示器：cathode ray tube(CRT)（陰極射線管視頻屏幕），liquid crystal display(LCD)（液晶顯示視頻屏幕）。Inkjet printer（噴墨打印機(jī)），disk drive（磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器），volatile memory（易失性存儲(chǔ)器），nonvolatile memory（非易失性存儲(chǔ)器）?？偩€：address bus（地址總線），data bus（數(shù)據(jù)總線）?？偩€連接方式：serial connection（串行連接）parallel connection（并行連接）。鼠標(biāo)定義：A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one hand.（鼠標(biāo)是為一只手抓握而設(shè)計(jì)的指示設(shè)備。）鍵盤定義：A keyboard is a typewriterlike device that allows the user to type in text and mands to the puter.（鍵盤是一個(gè)像打字機(jī)的設(shè)備，它使用戶得以向計(jì)算機(jī)鍵入文本和命令。）麥克風(fēng)定義：A microphone is a device for converting sound into signals that can then be stored, manipulated, and played back by the puter.（麥克風(fēng)是將聲音轉(zhuǎn)換成可被計(jì)算機(jī)存儲(chǔ)、處理和回放的信號(hào)的設(shè)備。）調(diào)制解調(diào)器定義：A modem, which stands for modulatordemodulator, is a device that connects a puter to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or received from another puter.（調(diào)制解調(diào)器代表調(diào)制器―解調(diào)器，是將計(jì)算機(jī)與電話線連接、允許信息傳給或接自另一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)備。）總線定義： A bus provides a mon interconnected system posed of a group of wires or circuitry that coordinates and moves information between the internal parts of a puter.（總線提供了一種常見(jiàn)的互連系統(tǒng)，它由一組導(dǎo)線或電路組成，在計(jì)算機(jī)的內(nèi)部組成部分之間協(xié)調(diào)和移動(dòng)信息。）第八章：網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋范圍：LAN（局域網(wǎng)），MAN(城域網(wǎng))，WAN（廣域網(wǎng)）網(wǎng)絡(luò)開放：Open network（開網(wǎng)絡(luò)），closed network（封閉式網(wǎng)絡(luò)）網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)：Bus topology（總線拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)），Ring topology（環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)），Star topology（星形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)）。網(wǎng)絡(luò)協(xié)議：Tcp/IP（傳輸控制協(xié)議和網(wǎng)際協(xié)議），Token ring protocol（令牌環(huán)協(xié)議）用于ring topology（環(huán)形拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)）Client/server model c/s（客戶機(jī)/服務(wù)器模型）Peertopeer（對(duì)等模型）CSMA/CD（用于以太網(wǎng)絡(luò)）協(xié)議定義：For a network to function reliably, it is important to establish rules by which network activities are rules are called protocols.（為了網(wǎng)絡(luò)可靠運(yùn)行，確立進(jìn)行網(wǎng)絡(luò)活動(dòng)所遵循的規(guī)則很重要。這類規(guī)則稱為協(xié)議）。第十一章：Word Wide Web（世界萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)）寬帶：The increase in broadband connections in homes is a key element in the second wave.（家里寬帶連接的增加是第二次浪潮的一個(gè)關(guān)鍵要素）。第十二章：四種計(jì)算機(jī)安全手段： Messages（給信息加密）， Access（限制訪問(wèn)）， Disasters（預(yù)防災(zāi)難）， up Data（備份數(shù)據(jù)）。Unit1 1，A puter is an electronic device that can receive a set of instructions or program and then carry out this program by performing calculations on numerical data or by manipulating other forms of ，它能接收一套指令或一個(gè)程序，然后通過(guò)對(duì)數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行運(yùn)算或者對(duì)其他形式的信息進(jìn)行處理來(lái)執(zhí)行該程序。2，A group of eight bits is called a byte, 8個(gè)位為一組，稱為一個(gè)字節(jié)3，(1)a central processing unit。(2)input devices。(3)memory storage devices。(4)output devices。and(5)a munications network, called a bus, 它是由5個(gè)不同的要素組成的系統(tǒng)：（1）中央處理器；（2）輸入設(shè)備；（3）存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備；（4）輸出設(shè)備；以及（5）被稱作總線的通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)，4，A program is a sequence of instructions that tells the hardware of a puter what operations to perform on ，告訴計(jì)算機(jī)硬件對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)執(zhí)行什么樣的操作。unit2 1, Computer hardware is the equipment involved in the function of a puter and consists of the ponents that can be physically ，由可進(jìn)行物理處理的元件組成。2, A mouse is a pointing device designed to be gripped by one 。3, A keyboard is a typewriterlike device that allows the user to type in text and mands to the ，它使用戶得以向計(jì)算機(jī)鍵入文本和命令。4, A modem, which stands for modulatordemodulator, is a device that connects a puter to a telephone line and allows information to be transmitted to or received from another ―解調(diào)器，是將計(jì)算機(jī)與電話線連接、允許信息傳給或接自另一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的設(shè)備。5, Displays monly take one of two forms: a video screen