【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】
時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)贏得效益,其整個(gè)技術(shù)范圍內(nèi)新技術(shù)比例至多只能達(dá)到 20%,超過(guò)這個(gè)界限,估算的時(shí)間期限可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)較大偏差。從高層規(guī)劃人員的角度分析: 20%以?xún)?nèi)的新技術(shù),公司可以集中力量,投入足夠多的人力、物力和財(cái)力進(jìn)行突破性研究,正常情況下可以達(dá)到滿(mǎn)意效果。如果新技術(shù)超出 20%這個(gè)范圍,恐怕心有余而力不足。 公司運(yùn)作以市場(chǎng)作為向?qū)?,是市?chǎng)賦予它們生命。公司看重市場(chǎng),付出的勞動(dòng)有市場(chǎng)回報(bào)才能正常運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。公司在開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中一般都盡量避免風(fēng)險(xiǎn),而且整個(gè)開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程中始終將風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析作為重 要的參考因素。公司一般都選擇保守的開(kāi)發(fā)模式,基于當(dāng)前開(kāi)發(fā)人員的技術(shù)實(shí)力和已經(jīng)達(dá)到的技術(shù)儲(chǔ)備,在許多種備選方案的技術(shù)論證過(guò)程,充分分析成本收益、風(fēng)險(xiǎn)大小、投入資源、開(kāi)發(fā)人員的技術(shù)水平等因素,全面考慮,權(quán)衡利弊,盡量選用可靠的,風(fēng)險(xiǎn)小的設(shè)計(jì)方案。 在項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)中,分配開(kāi)發(fā)人員時(shí)不僅要確保任務(wù)在給定時(shí)間期限內(nèi)完成的成功性,而且也要體現(xiàn)在鍛煉培養(yǎng)后繼人才方面。任何項(xiàng)目的開(kāi)發(fā),依據(jù)需求分析后,經(jīng)過(guò)概要設(shè)計(jì)和詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì),都會(huì)形成模塊化結(jié)構(gòu),其工作難度也有一定的層次性。這樣,公司在選派項(xiàng)目人員時(shí),需要合理的人員結(jié)構(gòu)安排, 現(xiàn)在一般公認(rèn)的人才結(jié)構(gòu)比例是1(博士或同等學(xué)歷) ∶ 3(碩士或同等學(xué)歷) ∶ 7(學(xué)士、大專(zhuān)或同等學(xué)歷)。在項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)中,除了開(kāi)發(fā)人員的技術(shù)水平和結(jié)構(gòu)比例外,小組內(nèi)部的民主化、科學(xué)化管理決策也是很重要的環(huán)節(jié)。 5 應(yīng)用實(shí)例解析 在詳細(xì)討論了嵌入式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)中的幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素后,下面具體闡述這些因素在工作中的具體體現(xiàn)。圖 2 是個(gè)人數(shù)字助理 PDA和尋呼機(jī)二合一的手持式電子產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)圖。 該產(chǎn)品的基本功能包括: ① 個(gè)人數(shù)字助理 ——科學(xué)計(jì)算器、英漢互譯辭典、電話(huà)號(hào)碼簿、記事日程表等; ② 交通信息 ——列車(chē)時(shí)刻 表的車(chē)次查詢(xún)和車(chē)站查詢(xún)、民航時(shí)刻表的航班查詢(xún)等; ③ 尋呼信息 ——接收個(gè)人和公共尋呼信息,個(gè)人尋呼內(nèi)容實(shí)時(shí)語(yǔ)音合成并播放,尋呼方式更新列車(chē)和民航時(shí)刻表數(shù)據(jù)等。 分析產(chǎn)品功能結(jié)構(gòu)圖并結(jié)合產(chǎn)品的基本功能,可以獲得產(chǎn)品對(duì)嵌入式處理器的性能要求:高速嵌入式處理器處理列車(chē)和民航時(shí)刻表查詢(xún)、個(gè)人尋呼內(nèi)容的實(shí)時(shí)語(yǔ)音合成并播放等。處理器外圍需要自帶語(yǔ)音錄放電路完成語(yǔ)音錄入和播放,串行口和紅外通信口進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)通信, LCD 接口電路提供用戶(hù)輸入接口,也需要電源管理模塊完成便攜式電子產(chǎn)品的低功耗設(shè)計(jì)。 選用 ARM 公司的嵌 入式微控制器 EP7211:內(nèi)含的 32 位微處理器 ARM720T,提供 18MHz、 36MHz、 54MHz和 72MHz工作主頻,而且允許用戶(hù)在應(yīng)用程序中對(duì)控制寄存器編程切換處理器工作頻率,這種切換頻率的工作方式,不僅滿(mǎn)足了不同的應(yīng)用需求,而且降低了系統(tǒng)的功耗。 EP7211 提供了 SRAM 和 Flash 存儲(chǔ)芯片接口,2 個(gè) RS232口( 1 個(gè)自帶紅外信號(hào)收發(fā)模塊),支持 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的語(yǔ)音錄放 Codec模塊,有 LCD 接口和電源管理部分,支持低電壓監(jiān)測(cè)等。在休眠狀態(tài)下, EP7211支持中斷喚醒功能,喚醒時(shí)間是喚醒頻率的 2~ 3 個(gè)周期,芯片提供 8kHz的喚醒頻率,使得在休眠狀態(tài)下系統(tǒng)收到尋呼前導(dǎo)信號(hào)時(shí)能夠及時(shí)喚醒。 選定了 EP7211 后就應(yīng)選擇 RTOS 了。從產(chǎn)品功能和程序流程的角度分析,系統(tǒng)基本上是單任務(wù)順序處理,但要具備實(shí)時(shí)對(duì)尋呼中斷的響應(yīng)能力。 RTOS的選擇有兩個(gè)方案:一是使用已經(jīng)購(gòu)買(mǎi)的用在油田測(cè)井系統(tǒng) SL3000型產(chǎn)品的商用 Nucleus,二是使用自主開(kāi)發(fā)的、專(zhuān)門(mén)面向嵌入式應(yīng)用系統(tǒng)的 XGW 軟件開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)。 XGW 軟件開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)功能強(qiáng)大,模塊化設(shè)計(jì),擴(kuò)展性強(qiáng);支持多種點(diǎn)陣和矢量字體;完善的中英文處理接口;支持漢王手寫(xiě)識(shí) 別和拼音輸入法等。 XGW 開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)是自主研發(fā)的,軟件產(chǎn)品升級(jí)和故障排除比較容易,產(chǎn)品成本費(fèi)用相對(duì)較低。選擇EP7211嵌入式處理器和 XGW 開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái),還因?yàn)槎咴?“GPS汽車(chē)導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng) ”項(xiàng)目中獲得了成功應(yīng)用。 關(guān)于集成開(kāi)發(fā)調(diào)試環(huán)境,我們購(gòu)買(mǎi)了 ARM 公司的 ARM它基于 GUI用戶(hù)接口,一體化的編輯、匯編、編譯、連接和調(diào)試多窗口工作環(huán)境,支持單步跟蹤、斷點(diǎn)設(shè)置和內(nèi)存查看等;同時(shí), ARM250 開(kāi)發(fā)調(diào)試界面和 Microsoft 的 VC6++集成環(huán)境相似,有助于開(kāi)發(fā)人員快速熟悉和掌握。選用 Multi_ICE 仿真器 ,支持在線(xiàn)仿真調(diào)試,通過(guò)并行口連接主機(jī),支持程序編譯鏈接后的程序代碼快速加載,加快了代碼調(diào)試進(jìn)度。 詳細(xì)分析了產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn),對(duì)開(kāi)發(fā)小組而言,只有尋呼系統(tǒng)是比較成熟的新技術(shù),且工作頻率高達(dá) 155MHz,需要重點(diǎn)解決和其它功能模塊的電磁兼容性,要投入較多的人力資源進(jìn)行重點(diǎn)突破。關(guān)于嵌入式處理器 EP7211 和自主研發(fā)的 XGW軟件開(kāi)發(fā)平臺(tái)等,開(kāi)發(fā)人員都有一定的技術(shù)積累和豐富的工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)。 在系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)中,設(shè)計(jì)了兩套技術(shù)調(diào)試方案:一是基于內(nèi)存 SRAM 模式,二是基于閃存 Flash 模式。在內(nèi)存 SRAM 模式中,系統(tǒng)加 電冷啟動(dòng)時(shí),系統(tǒng)完成相關(guān)硬件初始化任務(wù)后執(zhí)行一段代碼,將系統(tǒng)編譯連接生成的二進(jìn)制可執(zhí)行代碼從 Flash存儲(chǔ)空間完全拷貝到 SRAM 內(nèi)存空間中,整個(gè)應(yīng)用程序調(diào)試完全在內(nèi)存空間執(zhí)行。此種方案極大加快了龐大應(yīng)用程序的調(diào)試步伐,加快產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)進(jìn)度。二是在 SRAM 內(nèi)存模式調(diào)試完應(yīng)用程序的基礎(chǔ)上,執(zhí)行閃存 Flash調(diào)試,系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)后將中斷服務(wù)程序 ISR和少量的內(nèi)核代碼拷貝到 SRAM 后在 SRAM 中執(zhí)行,其它應(yīng)用程序在 Flash中執(zhí)行。Flash 模式同 SRAM 模式相比,主要是修改系統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)代碼段,應(yīng)用程序代碼完全保持一致。 Flash 模式減少了寶貴的 SRAM 資源需求、降低了產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)成本,但是運(yùn)行速度較 SRAM 模式慢。 6 小 結(jié) 本文詳細(xì)闡述了在嵌入式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)中嵌入式處理器、嵌入式操作系統(tǒng)、調(diào)試器、仿真器以及開(kāi)發(fā)人員的技術(shù)水平和結(jié)構(gòu)比例等組成要素的選擇原則,并且使用一個(gè)具體的實(shí)例來(lái)進(jìn)一步分析說(shuō)明。需要指出的是,這些要素之間不是彼此獨(dú)立,而是緊密相關(guān),可能還會(huì)在某些方面相互沖突。 39。Go away! You mustn39。t look.39。 I hesitated, but childhood is a time thic kly beset with inprehensible, though important, conventions, so I withdrew a few yards and turned my back. I heard her breathing hard. Then she was crying again. I turned round. 39。I can39。t,39。 she said, looking at me fearfully through her tears, so I knelt down to see what I could do about it. 39。You mustn39。t ever tell,39。 she said. 39。Never, never! Promise?39。 I promised. She was very brave. Nothing more than the puppy noises. When I did succeed in getting the foot free, it looked queer: I mean, it was all twisted and puffy I didn39。t even notice then that it had more than the usual number of toes. . . . I managed to hammer the shoe out of the cleft, and handed it to her. But she found she could not put it on her swollen foot. Nor could she put the foot to the ground. I thought I might carry her on my back, but she was heavier than I expected, and it was clear that we should not get far like that. 39。I39。ll have to go and fetch somebody to help,39。 I told her. 39。No. I39。ll crawl,39。 she said. I walked beside her, carrying the shoe, and feeling useless. She kept going gamely for a surprisingly long way, but she had to give it up. Her trousers were worn through at the knees, and the knees themselves were sore and bleeding. I had never known anyone, boy or girl, who w ould have kept on till that pitch。 it awed me slightly. I helped her to stand up on her sound foot, and steadied her while she pointed out where her home was, and the trickle of smoke that marked it. When I looked back she was on all fours again, disappearing into the bushes. I found the house w ithout much difficulty, and knoc ked, a little nervously. A tall woman answered. She had a fine, hand some face with large bright eyes. Her dress was russet and a little shorter than those most of the women at home wore, but it carried the conventional cross, from neck to hem and breast to breast, in a green that matched the scarf on her head. 39。Are you Sophie39。s mother?39。 I asked. She looked at me sharply and frowned. She said, with anxious abruptness: 39。What is it?39。 I told her. 39。Oh!39。 she exclaimed. 39。Her foot!39。 She looked hard at me again for a moment, then she leant the broom she was holding against the wall, and asked briskly: 39。Where is she?39。 I led her by the way I had e. At the sound of her voice Sophie crawled out of the bushes. Her mother looked at the swollen, misshapen foot and the bleeding knees. 39。Oh, my poor darling!39。 she said, holding her and kissing her. Then she added: 39。He39。s seen it?39。 39。Yes,39。 Sophie told her. 39。I39。m sorry, Mummy. I tried hard, but I couldn39。t do it myself, and it did hurt so.39。 Her mother nodded slowly. She sighed. 39。 Oh, well, it can39。t be helped now. Up you get.39。 Sophie climbed on to her mother39。s back, and we all went back to the house together. The mandments and precepts one learns as a child can be remembered by rote, but they mean little until there is example — and, even then, the example needs to be recognized. Thus, I was able to sit patiently and watch the hurt foot being washed, coldpoulticed, and bound up, and perceive no connexion between