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rotein, ~30 kD. TAFs: for TBPassociated factors.,The assembles at the promoter,Promoters for RNA polymerase II have short sequence elements,CAAT box : 75, CAAT. a common elements, functions in either orientation. To increases promoter strength. GC box:90, GGGCGG. Often multiple copies. in either orientation. a relatively common promoter component.,,Promoters for RNA polymerase II have short sequence elements,Promoters for RNA polymerase II have short sequence elements,3. Enhancer,bidirectional elements that assist initiation function in either orientation and in any location (upstream or downstream) relative to the promoter,An enhancer in the virus SV40 It contains two identical sequences of 72 bp each, repeated in tandem ~200 bp upstream of the startpoint of a transcription unit. Each 72 bp repeat contains a copy of the enhancer,4. RNA processing,mRNA processing,5’ Capping 3’ Cleavage and polyadenylation,Splicing PremRNA methylation mRNA editing,Splicing,Splicing,The ends of nuclear introns are defined by the GTAG rule. (GTAG rule).,,Splicing occurs in two stages, in which the 5’ exon is separated and then is joined to the 3’ exon.,,5’ Capping,cap 0: in all eukaryotes。 guanine7methyltransferase. cap 1: the predominant type of cap in all eukaryotes excep