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當(dāng)?shù)淖饔?。?dāng)個(gè)體的態(tài)度得到社會(huì)的贊許，它就會(huì)得到強(qiáng)化，否則就得不到強(qiáng)化。態(tài)度的強(qiáng)化更多地依賴于贊許，或者同時(shí)受到兩種相反的強(qiáng)化，其作用則取決于兩者相對(duì)的強(qiáng)度。模仿是通過(guò)榜樣人物形象的示范而產(chǎn)生的聯(lián)想反應(yīng)，即初級(jí)學(xué)習(xí)形式。榜樣如果是強(qiáng)有力的、重要的或者親近的人物，引起模仿的作用更大，甚至在沒(méi)有榜樣言語(yǔ)教誨的情況下，也是如此。(2)態(tài)度的分階段形成理論。凱爾曼指出，態(tài)度形成以及變化經(jīng)歷了三個(gè)階段：第一個(gè)階段：順從，指在社會(huì)影響下，個(gè)人僅僅在外顯行為上表示與別人一致，這里還談不上有多少深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)或者情緒成分。這種態(tài)度是表面的、外控的(受獎(jiǎng)懲原則支配)，一旦外因消失，它就中止。因此是暫時(shí)的。第二個(gè)階段：認(rèn)同，指由于喜歡某人、某群體或者某件事，樂(lè)于與其保持一致或者采取與其相同的表現(xiàn)。這種態(tài)度帶有較多的情緒、情感成分，它雖然談不上有多深刻的認(rèn)識(shí)作基礎(chǔ)，但已經(jīng)比較主動(dòng)了。第三個(gè)階段：內(nèi)化，即把情感認(rèn)同的東西跟自己已有的信念、價(jià)值觀聯(lián)系起來(lái)，給予理智上的辨認(rèn)，作出是非判斷。這是一種認(rèn)知性成分占主導(dǎo)地位的態(tài)度，它已經(jīng)成為人格的一部分，因此一經(jīng)產(chǎn)生就比較持久，不容易改變。(3)態(tài)度的認(rèn)知不協(xié)調(diào)理論。認(rèn)知不協(xié)調(diào)理論是20世紀(jì)50年代發(fā)展起來(lái)的關(guān)于人們?cè)谙嗷プ饔弥衅湔J(rèn)知因素由不協(xié)調(diào)到協(xié)調(diào)，從而引起態(tài)度或者行為變化的研究領(lǐng)域。費(fèi)斯廷格認(rèn)為，任何人都有許多認(rèn)知因素，他們之間存在三種情況：相互一致和協(xié)調(diào)的；相互沖突和不和諧的；無(wú)關(guān)的。當(dāng)人們的兩個(gè)認(rèn)知因素處于第二種情況，人就會(huì)感受到不舒適或者緊張，并力求減緩。這種由于認(rèn)知沖突(更多的是心理上的不一致)導(dǎo)致其內(nèi)心不自在的狀態(tài)，就叫做“認(rèn)知不協(xié)調(diào)”現(xiàn)象。人出現(xiàn)了認(rèn)知不協(xié)調(diào)現(xiàn)象，就會(huì)不由自主地驅(qū)使自己去減少這種矛盾，力求恢復(fù)或者保持認(rèn)知因素之間的相對(duì)平衡和一致性。它通過(guò)以下幾種途徑：①改變或者否定兩個(gè)認(rèn)知因素中的一個(gè)；②對(duì)兩個(gè)認(rèn)知因素重新評(píng)價(jià)，減弱其中一個(gè)或者同時(shí)改變二者的重要性或者強(qiáng)度；③在不改變兩個(gè)認(rèn)知因素的情況下，增加一個(gè)或者幾個(gè)能彌補(bǔ)鴻溝的新認(rèn)知或者理由。中大網(wǎng)?！笆丫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育機(jī)構(gòu)”、“十佳職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)”網(wǎng)址：第四篇：2013年成人高考專升本《英語(yǔ)》全真模擬試卷中大網(wǎng)校中大網(wǎng)校引領(lǐng)成功職業(yè)人生2013年成人高考專升本《英語(yǔ)》全真模擬試卷(1)總分：150分及格：90分考試時(shí)間：120分一、語(yǔ)音知識(shí)(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 中大網(wǎng)?！笆丫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育機(jī)構(gòu)”、“十佳職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)”網(wǎng)址：中大網(wǎng)校引領(lǐng)成功職業(yè)人生二、詞匯與語(yǔ)法知識(shí)(1)——Have you seen him recently?——Yes．I met him at__________this morning．39。s tailor39。s tailor taileIr39。s(2)I39。m going to__________bank．I39。m going to__________Lloyd’sBank．，the ，the ，(3)EverythingDepends on__________we get a raise in our salary． (4)Weather__________，we will go on with our journey through the west． permit(5)__________John Adams who in 1775 remended George Washington toBe ：mander in chief of the Continental Army． was was (6)The weatherBeing unfavorable，they had to__________the sports meet, 中大網(wǎng)?！笆丫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育機(jī)構(gòu)”、“十佳職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)”網(wǎng)址：中大網(wǎng)校引領(lǐng)成功職業(yè)人生 on up out off(7)Either of__________is quite capable of the work． girl girls(8)The teacher asked US to write a__________in one hour．—hundred—word position —hundred words position ．hundreds—words position hundreds of words position(9)The film in my camera is finished．I need to get it__________． test (10)__________the PLA men the villagers would not have survived the flood． had notBeen for it notBeen for it not for it notBeen for（）(11)If law and order__________not preserved，people will notBe able to live a secure life． 中大網(wǎng)?！笆丫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育機(jī)構(gòu)”、“十佳職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)”網(wǎng)址：中大網(wǎng)校引領(lǐng)成功職業(yè)人生(12)There is not much time left for you to cover everythin9，you’dBetter__________unimportant points． off on out on(13)My sister has__________friends at school．But she has__________good friends．，a few few，few ，a little little，little(14)To my great surprise the food was still on the table，__________． toBe touched touch(15)Many countries still execute people who__________serious crimes，especially murder． 三、Cloze(30 points)(1)During the winter，most London auctioneers have wine auctions(拍賣)．Same are ofwines for everyday___21__，but most are of fine wines．Last winter，at Christies，a dozen botties of Lafite1945 were ___22__ down at￡158 the bottle．1945 and l961 are the two most vintage ___23__ for claret(紅葡萄酒)．Of course，that is not the maximum you could pay．Not___24__ ago，an American at Christies ___25__￡8，500 for one bottle of Lafite 1806．Sometimes，it is a matter of___26__ objective．Last October，a restaurateur from Memphis，paid￡9，000 for a magnum—that is，a two39。bottle size—of 1864 Lafite．He ___27__30people$1，500 each 中大網(wǎng)?！笆丫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育機(jī)構(gòu)”、“十佳職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)”網(wǎng)址：中大網(wǎng)校引領(lǐng)成功職業(yè)人生for a dinner with a small glass of the wine．It was28 ten times thecost of the wine in publicity for his restaurant．of course，some people buy wine purely for investment．A syndicate of four will buy a___29__ 0f Lafite 1945 at，say，￡2，000．Each takes three bottles．Then each drinks___30__bottle，and keeps the other two to sell later at the ___31__ price as the three cost in the firstplace．That is，naturally，taking inflation into32．But there is n0 33 that a bottle of wine at￡1，000 is a hundred times___34__thanone that costs￡10．Perhaps the top price you can pay for wine to enjoy for drinking is￡100a bottle．Above￡100，you are paying for something___35__than taste． 根據(jù)以上內(nèi)容，回答{TSE}問(wèn)題。{TS} (2) (3) (4) (5) 中大網(wǎng)?！笆丫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育機(jī)構(gòu)”、“十佳職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)”網(wǎng)址：中大網(wǎng)校引領(lǐng)成功職業(yè)人生(6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) 中大網(wǎng)?！笆丫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育機(jī)構(gòu)”、“十佳職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)”網(wǎng)址：中大網(wǎng)校引領(lǐng)成功職業(yè)人生 (12) (13) (14) (15) 四、Reading Comprehension(60 points)(1)What makes a person famous ? This is a mystery that many people have pondered．All kinds of myths surround the lives of well—known people．Most people are familiar with the words of William Shakespeare，one of the greatest Eng．1ish writers of the sixteenth century．Yet how many know Shakespeare the pemon，the man be．hind the works？After centuries of 中大網(wǎng)?！笆丫W(wǎng)絡(luò)教育機(jī)構(gòu)”、“十佳職業(yè)培訓(xùn)機(jī)構(gòu)”網(wǎng)址：中大網(wǎng)校引領(lǐng)成功職業(yè)人生research，scholars are still trying to discover Shakespeare’s personaLl his—torty．It is not easily found in his writings．Authors of the time could not protect their works．An acting pany，for example，could change a play if they wanted to．Nowadays wfiterShave copyrights that protect their work．Many myths arose about Shakespeare．Some said he had to formal edueation．There arerumors that he left home when accused of stealing a horse．Others believe that he began his ca—reer by tending the horses of wealthy men．All of these myths are interesting，but are they true? Probably not．Shakespeare，s fatherwas a respected man in Stratford，a member of the town council．he sent young William togrammar school．Most people of Elizabethan times did not continue beyond grammar school；S0，Shakespeare did have，at least，an average education．Some parts of Shakespeare’s life will always remain unknown．The Great London Fire of1666 burned many important documents that could have been a source of clues．We will alwaysbe left with many questions and few facts． 根據(jù)以上內(nèi)容，回答{TSE}題。{TS}This passage deals with___________． Great LOndon Fire lost documents of Shakespeare of Shakespeare ’s personal history(2)Parts of Shakespeare’s life continue to remain a mystery