【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to nonmanufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, belong to the nonmanufacturing industries and service industries, so here is pared with the industrial robot, it is a very important is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, ’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign to plete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned is also the home of some robot medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robotaided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remotecontrolled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very plex, while it is fully automated to plete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP39。s surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor39。s movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor39。s is mankind39。s righthand man。friendly coexistence can be a reliable future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and will create the jobs believe that there would not be a “robot appointment of workers being laid off” situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural ：機(jī)器人首先我介紹一下機(jī)器人產(chǎn)生的背景，機(jī)器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展，它應(yīng)該說(shuō)是一個(gè)科學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展共同的一個(gè)綜合性的結(jié)果，同時(shí)，為社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)重大影響的一門(mén)科學(xué)技術(shù)，它的發(fā)展歸功于在第二次世界大戰(zhàn)中各國(guó)加強(qiáng)了經(jīng)濟(jì)的投入，就加強(qiáng)了本國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。另一方面它也是生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的需求的必然結(jié)果，也是人類自身發(fā)展的必然結(jié)果，那么隨著人類的發(fā)展，人們?cè)诓粩嗵接懽匀贿^(guò)程中，在認(rèn)識(shí)和改造自然過(guò)程中，需要能夠解放人的一種奴隸。那么這種奴隸就是代替人們?nèi)ツ軌驈氖聫?fù)雜和繁重的體力勞動(dòng)，實(shí)現(xiàn)人們對(duì)不可達(dá)世界的認(rèn)識(shí)和改造，這也是人們?cè)诳萍及l(fā)展過(guò)程中的一個(gè)客觀需要。機(jī)器人有三個(gè)發(fā)展階段，那么也就是說(shuō)，我們習(xí)慣于把機(jī)器人分成三類，一種是第一代機(jī)器人，那么也叫示教再現(xiàn)型機(jī)器人，它是通過(guò)一個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)，來(lái)控制一個(gè)多自由度的一個(gè)機(jī)械，通過(guò)示教存儲(chǔ)程序和信息，工作時(shí)把信息讀取出來(lái)，然后發(fā)出指令，這樣的話機(jī)器人可以重復(fù)的根據(jù)人當(dāng)時(shí)示教的結(jié)果，再現(xiàn)出這種動(dòng)作，比方說(shuō)汽車的點(diǎn)焊機(jī)器人，它只要把這個(gè)點(diǎn)焊的過(guò)程示教完以后，它總是重復(fù)這樣一種工作，它對(duì)于外界的環(huán)境沒(méi)有感知，這個(gè)力操作力的大小，這個(gè)工件存在不存在，焊的好與壞，它并不知道，那么實(shí)際上這種從第一代機(jī)器人，也就存在它這種缺陷，因此，在20世紀(jì)70年代后期，人們開(kāi)始研究第二代機(jī)器人，叫帶感覺(jué)的機(jī)器人，這種帶感覺(jué)的機(jī)器人是類似人在某種功能的感覺(jué)，比如說(shuō)力覺(jué)、觸覺(jué)、滑覺(jué)、視覺(jué)、聽(tīng)覺(jué)和人進(jìn)行相類比，有了各種各樣的感覺(jué)，比方說(shuō)在機(jī)器人抓一個(gè)物體的時(shí)候，它實(shí)際上力的大小能感覺(jué)出來(lái)，它能夠通過(guò)視覺(jué)，能夠去感受和識(shí)別它的形狀、大小、顏色。抓一個(gè)雞蛋，它能通過(guò)一個(gè)觸覺(jué)，知道它的力的大小和滑動(dòng)的情況。第三代機(jī)器人，也是我們機(jī)器人學(xué)中一個(gè)理想的所追求的最高級(jí)的階段，叫智能機(jī)器人，那么只要告訴它做什么，不用告訴它怎么去做，它就能完成運(yùn)動(dòng)，感知思維和人機(jī)通訊的這種功能和機(jī)能，那么這個(gè)目前的發(fā)展還是相對(duì)的只是在局部有這種智能的概念和含義，但真正完整意義的這種智能機(jī)器人實(shí)際上并沒(méi)有存在，而只是隨著我們不斷的科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，智能的概念越來(lái)越豐富，它內(nèi)涵越來(lái)越寬。下邊我簡(jiǎn)單介紹一下工業(yè)機(jī)器人的一些情況。到目前為止，工業(yè)機(jī)器人是最成熟，應(yīng)用最廣泛的一類機(jī)器人，世界總量目前已經(jīng)銷售110萬(wàn)臺(tái)，這是1999年的統(tǒng)計(jì)，但這110萬(wàn)臺(tái)在已經(jīng)進(jìn)行裝備使用的是75萬(wàn)臺(tái)，這個(gè)量也是不小的。總體情況看，日本在工業(yè)機(jī)器人這一塊，是首位的，成為機(jī)器人的王國(guó)，美國(guó)發(fā)展也很迅速，目前在新安裝的臺(tái)數(shù)方面，已經(jīng)超過(guò)了日本，中國(guó)剛開(kāi)始進(jìn)入產(chǎn)業(yè)化的階段，已經(jīng)研制出多種工業(yè)機(jī)器人樣機(jī)，已有小批量在生產(chǎn)中使用。點(diǎn)焊機(jī)器人主要是針對(duì)汽車生產(chǎn)線，提高生產(chǎn)效率，提高汽車焊接的質(zhì)量，降低工人的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度的一種機(jī)器人。它的特點(diǎn)是通過(guò)機(jī)器人對(duì)兩個(gè)鋼板進(jìn)行點(diǎn)焊的時(shí)候，需要承載一個(gè)很大的焊鉗，一般在幾十公斤以上，那么它的速度要求在每秒鐘一米五到兩米這樣的高速運(yùn)動(dòng)，所以它一般來(lái)說(shuō)有五到六個(gè)自由度，負(fù)載三十到一百二十公斤，工作的空間很大，大概有兩米，這樣一個(gè)球形的工作空間，運(yùn)動(dòng)速度也很高，那么自由度的概念，就是說(shuō)，是相對(duì)獨(dú)立運(yùn)動(dòng)的部件的個(gè)數(shù)，就相當(dāng)于我們?nèi)梭w，腰是一個(gè)回轉(zhuǎn)的自由度，我們大臂可以抬起來(lái)，小臂可以彎曲，那么這就三個(gè)自由度，同時(shí)腕部還有一個(gè)調(diào)整姿態(tài)來(lái)使用的三個(gè)自由度，所以一般的機(jī)器人有六個(gè)自由度，就能把空間的三個(gè)位置，三個(gè)姿態(tài)，機(jī)器人完全實(shí)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)然也有小于六個(gè)自由度的，也有多于六個(gè)自由度的機(jī)器人，只是在不同的需要場(chǎng)合來(lái)配置。第二類是服務(wù)機(jī)器人，隨著工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，尤其近十年以來(lái)，機(jī)器人的發(fā)展的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域在不斷拓寬，目前一個(gè)很重要的特征，大家都知道，機(jī)器人已經(jīng)從制造業(yè)逐漸轉(zhuǎn)向了非制造業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，剛才談的汽車制造屬于是制造業(yè)，但服務(wù)行業(yè)包括清潔、加油、救護(hù)、搶險(xiǎn)、救災(zāi)這些等等，都屬于非制造行業(yè)和服務(wù)行業(yè)，那么這里邊跟工業(yè)機(jī)器人相比，它有一個(gè)很重要的不同，它主要是一個(gè)移動(dòng)平臺(tái)，它能夠移動(dòng)、去運(yùn)動(dòng)，上面有一些手臂進(jìn)行操作，同時(shí)還裝有一些像力覺(jué)傳感器和視覺(jué)傳感器、超聲測(cè)距傳感器等等。它對(duì)周邊的環(huán)境進(jìn)行識(shí)別，來(lái)判斷它的運(yùn)動(dòng)，完成某種工作，這是服務(wù)機(jī)器人的基本的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。例如，家務(wù)機(jī)器人主要體現(xiàn)在像一些對(duì)地毯和地板定期的它能夠進(jìn)行清掃和吸塵，它這個(gè)機(jī)器人很有意思，它有傳感器，它能夠把家具和人能識(shí)別出來(lái)，它自動(dòng)的按照一種規(guī)律，能根據(jù)路徑把地面全部的清掃干凈，這也是家務(wù)中一些機(jī)器人的表現(xiàn)。那么醫(yī)療機(jī)器人，是近五年來(lái)發(fā)展比較迅速的一個(gè)新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域。如果人手術(shù)的時(shí)候，醫(yī)生來(lái)手術(shù)，一個(gè)是疲勞，另一個(gè)人手操作的精度還是有限的。在德國(guó)一些大學(xué)里面，面向人的脊椎，如腰間盤(pán)突出這種病，進(jìn)行識(shí)別以后，能夠自動(dòng)地用機(jī)器人來(lái)輔助進(jìn)行定位，進(jìn)行操作和手術(shù)。像美國(guó)已經(jīng)有一千多例機(jī)器人對(duì)人眼球進(jìn)行手術(shù)，這樣的機(jī)器人，還包括通過(guò)遙控操作的辦法，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)人的胃腸這種手術(shù)，大家在電視里邊看到，一個(gè)機(jī)械手，大概有手指這樣粗細(xì)的一個(gè)機(jī)械手，通過(guò)插入腹臟以后，人在屏幕上操作這個(gè)機(jī)器手