【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ciples and the position function with high precision of the control card PCL839 are is the matter foundation of the and the software is the spirit of the control target of the software is to bine all the parts in optimizing style and to improve the efficiency and reliability of the control software design of the object holding manipulator control system is divided into several blocks such as 2 system initialization block, data process block and error station detect and dispose model and so card can solve the munication between the main puter and the control cells and take the measure of reducing the influence of the outer signal to the control start and stop frequency of the step motor is far lower than the maximum running order to improve the efficiency of the step motor, the increase and decrease of the speed is must considered when the step motor running in high speed and start or stop with great increase and decrease of the motor’s speed can be controlled by the pulse frequency sent to the step motor drive with a rational can be implemented either by hardware or by step motor shift control method is proposed, which is simple to calculate, easy to realize and the theory means is motor39。 s acceleration can fit the torquefrequency curve properly with this the amount of calculation load is less than the linear acceleration shift control method and the method which is based on the exponential rule to change method is tested by last, the research content and the achievement are sum up and the problems and shortages in main the content are also development and application of robot in the future is 機器人是典型的機電一體化裝置，它綜合運用了機械與精密機械、微電子與計算機、自動控制與驅(qū)動、傳感器與信息處理以及人工智能等多學(xué)科的最新研究成果，隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和各行各業(yè)對自動化程度要求的提高，機器人技術(shù)得到了迅速發(fā)展，出現(xiàn)了各種各樣的機器人產(chǎn)品。機器人產(chǎn)品的實用化，既解決了許多單靠人力難以解決的實際問題，又促進了工業(yè)自動化的進程。目前，由于機器人的研制和開發(fā)涉及多方面的技術(shù)，系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，開發(fā)和研制的成本普遍較高，在某種程度上限制了該項技術(shù)的廣泛應(yīng)用，因此，研制經(jīng)濟型、實用化、高可靠性機器人系統(tǒng)具有廣泛的社會現(xiàn)實意義和經(jīng)濟價值。由于我國經(jīng)濟建設(shè)和城市化的快速發(fā)展，城市污水排放量增長很快，污水處理己經(jīng)擺在了人們的議事日程上來。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展和人類知識水平的提高，人們越來越認識到污水處理的重要性和迫切性，科學(xué)家和研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)塑料制品在水中是用于污水處理的很有效的污泥菌群的附著體。塑料制品的大量需求，使得塑料制品生產(chǎn)的自動化和高效率要求成為經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的必然。本文結(jié)合塑料一次擠出成型機和塑料抓取機械手的研制過程中出現(xiàn)的問題，綜述近幾年機器人技術(shù)研究和發(fā)展的狀況，在充分發(fā)揮機、電、軟、硬件各自特點和優(yōu)勢互補的基礎(chǔ)上，對物料抓取機械手整體機械結(jié)構(gòu)、傳動系統(tǒng)、驅(qū)動裝置和控制系統(tǒng)進行了分析和設(shè)計，提出了一套經(jīng)濟型設(shè)計方案。采用直角坐標和關(guān)節(jié)坐標相結(jié)合的框架式機械結(jié)構(gòu)形式，這種方式能夠提高系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性和操作靈活性。傳動裝置的作用是將驅(qū)動元件的動力傳遞給機器人機械手相應(yīng)的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)，以實現(xiàn)各種必要的運動，傳動方式上采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳動比大的蝸輪蝸桿傳動和將旋轉(zhuǎn)運動轉(zhuǎn)換為直線運動的螺旋傳動。機械手驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計往往受到作業(yè)環(huán)境條件的限制，同時也要考慮價格因素的影響以及能夠達到的技術(shù)水平。由于步進電機能夠直接接收數(shù)字量，響應(yīng)速度快而且工作可靠并無累積誤差，常用作數(shù)字控制系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動機構(gòu)的動力元件，因此，在驅(qū)動裝置中采用由步進電機構(gòu)成的開環(huán)控制方式，這種方式既能滿足控制精度的要求，又能達到經(jīng)濟性、實用化目的，在此基礎(chǔ)上，對步進電機的功率計一算及選型問題經(jīng)行了分析。在完成機械結(jié)構(gòu)和驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)上，對物料抓取機械手運動學(xué)和動力學(xué)進行了分析。運動學(xué)分析是路徑規(guī)劃和軌跡控制的基礎(chǔ)，對操作臂進行了運動學(xué)正、逆問題的分析可以完成操作空間位置和速度向驅(qū)動空間的映射，采用齊次坐標變換法得到了操作臂末端位置和姿態(tài)隨關(guān)節(jié)夾角之間的變換關(guān)系，采用幾何法分析了操作臂的逆向運動學(xué)方程求解問題，對控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計提供了理論依據(jù)。機器人動力學(xué)是研究物體的運動和作用力之間的關(guān)系的科學(xué)，研究的目的是為了4 滿足是實時性控制的需要，本文采用牛頓歐拉方法對物料抓取機械手動力學(xué)進行了分析，計算出了關(guān)節(jié)力和關(guān)節(jié)力矩，為步進電機的選型和動力學(xué)分析與結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提供理論依據(jù)。控制部分是整個物料抓取機械手系統(tǒng)設(shè)計關(guān)鍵和核心，它在結(jié)構(gòu)和功能上的劃分和實現(xiàn)直接關(guān)系到機器人系統(tǒng)的可靠性、實用性，也影響和制約機械手系統(tǒng)的研制成本和開發(fā)周期。在控制主機的選用上，采用結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、擴展功能強和可靠性高的PC工業(yè)控制計算機作為主機，配以PCL839卡主要承擔系統(tǒng)功能初始化、數(shù)據(jù)運算與處理、步進電機驅(qū)動以及故障診斷等功能。同時對PCL839卡的結(jié)構(gòu)特點、功能原理和其高定位功能等給與了分析。硬件是整個控制系統(tǒng)以及極限位置功能賴以存在的物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)，軟件則是計算機控制系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)中樞，軟件設(shè)計的目的是以最優(yōu)的方式將各部分功能有機的結(jié)合起來，使系統(tǒng)具有較高的運行效率和較強的可靠性。在物料抓取機械手軟件的設(shè)計上，采用的是模塊化結(jié)構(gòu)，分為系統(tǒng)初始化模塊、數(shù)據(jù)處理模塊和故障狀態(tài)檢測與處理等幾部分。主控計算機和各控制單元之間全部由PCL839卡聯(lián)系，并且由該卡實現(xiàn)抗干擾等問題，減少外部信號對系統(tǒng)的影響。步進電機的啟停頻率遠遠小于其最高運行頻率，為了提高工作效率，需要步進電機高速運行并快速啟停時，必須考慮它的升，降速控制問題。電機的升降速控制可以歸結(jié)為以某種合理的力一式控制發(fā)送到步進電機驅(qū)動器的脈沖頻率，這可由硬件實現(xiàn)，也可由軟件方法來實現(xiàn)。本文提出了一種算法簡單、易于實現(xiàn)、理論意義明確的步進電機變速控制策略:定時器常量修改變速控制方案。該方法能使步進電機加速度與其力矩——頻率曲線較好地擬合，從而提高變速效率。而且它的計算量比線性加速度變速和基于指數(shù)規(guī)律加速度的變速控制小得多。通過實驗證明了該方法的有效性。最后，對論文主要研究內(nèi)容和取得的技術(shù)成果進行了總結(jié)，提出了存在的問題和不足，同時對機器人技術(shù)的發(fā)展和應(yīng)用進行了展望。第四篇：機器人算法外文翻譯Improved Genetic Algorithm and Its Performance AnalysisAbstract: Although genetic algorithm has bee very famous with its global searching, parallel puting, better robustness, and not needing differential information during , it also has some demerits, such as slow convergence this paper, based on several general theorems, an improved genetic algorithm using variant chromosome length and probability of crossover and mutation is proposed, and its main idea is as follows : at the beginning of evolution, our solution with shorter length chromosome and higher probability of crossover and mutation。and at the vicinity of global optimum, with longer length chromosome and lower probability of crossover and , testing with some critical functions shows that our solution can improve the convergence speed of genetic algorithm significantly , its prehensive performance is better than that of the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best algorithm is an adaptive searching technique based on a selection and reproduction mechanism found in the natural evolution process, and it was pioneered by Holland in the has bee very famous with its global searching, parallel puting, better robustness, and not needing differential information during , it also has some demerits, such as poor local searching, premature converging, as well as slow convergence recent years, these problems have been this paper, an improved genetic algorithm with variant chromosome length and variant probability is with some critical functions shows that it can improve the convergence speed significantly, and its prehensive performance is better than that of the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best section 1, our new approach is optimization examples, in section 2, the efficiency of our algorithm is pared with the genetic algorithm which only reserves the best section 3 gives out the , some proofs of relative theorems are collected and presented in of the algorithm Some theorems Before proposing our approach, we give out some general theorems(seeappendix)as follows: Let us assume there is just one variable(multivariable can be divided into many sections, one section for one variable)x ∈ [ a, b ] , x ∈ R, and chromosome length with binary encoding is 1Minimal resolution of chromosome is s = ba 2l1Theorem 2Weight value of the ith bit of chromosome iswi = bai1(i = 1,2,…l)2l1Theorem 3Mathematical expectation Ec(x)of chromosome searching step with o