【文章內容簡介】 Existing research in production design layout problems often fall into two major categories, such as algorithmic and procedural approaches usually simplify both design constraints and objectives in order to reach a surrogate objective function whose solution can then be approaches usually only involve quantitative input design solutions are easier to evaluate by paring their objective function ：算法和程序。算法的方法簡化了設計，通過目標函數的約束和最終目標需求得到一個替代的解決方案。這些方法通常只涉及輸入的數據而不包含其它。通過這種方法得到的解決方案的優(yōu)劣通過目標函數的值可以很容易的進行比較。Procedural approaches can incorporate both,qualitative and quantitative, objectives in the design these approaches, the design process is divided into several steps that are then solved success of a procedural approach implementation is dependent on the generation of quality design alternatives that are often from the output of an experienced , the input from area experts during the design process is considered to be a must towards an effective workshop layout is often the last step for a procedural approach to evaluate the design choice of the final design is often difficult when multiple objectives are ，目標在這些方法的設計過程中得以實現。對于這些方法，設計流程被分成幾個步驟，然后按照順序進行解決。成功的設計方案常常出自經驗豐富的設計師曾設計的方案的代代傳承。因此在進行生產線布局時采用專家的方法進行設計是必須的。它常常是進行設計布局評估的最后一個步驟。因為如果采用多個目標函數值進行設計最終方案的選擇將是很難的一個步驟。A workshop layout design problem exposes the strong properties of a multipl objective decision this instance, an algorithmic approach may not be adequate in providing a quality ,the use of a sound procedural approach with the aid of a proven tool as design evaluation function would be a viable approach for a workshop layout design 。在這種情況下，算法不能提供最優(yōu)的設計方案，所以采用輔助方案的聲音過程方法作為設計評價函數將是車間布局設計問題的可行方法。The authors suggest using a Systematic layout planning(SLP)procedural approach for production process design improvement, because it features both the simplicity of the design process and the objectivity of the multiplecriteria evaluation process as opposed to existing algorithmic approaches, which are ineffective in solving qualitative objective problems, and regular procedural approaches that lack a structural multiplecriteria evaluation ，因為它具有簡單的設計過程，多準則評估過程客觀性，和現有的算法完全不同，現有的算法是無效的，現有的算法在解決客觀存在的問題和定期處理程序性問題缺乏結構性的多方位評估方法。While the authors were involved in the Ramp。D project of technological modernization of one real shipyard,as a separate project they had to design a new pipe production workshop, where a proposed novel approach was implemented and amp。D項目，但是作為一個單獨的項目，作者要設計一個全新的管道生產線，在這條生產線上SLP法將得到應用。（Outline of systematic Layout planning）This section aims at providing a brief review of the SLP procedure as shown in Figure SLP begins with PQRST analysis(step 1)for the overall production data collection fields including P(product),Q(quantity), R(routing), S(supporting), and T(time)should be scrutinized in order to assure the validity of the input data at the design ，大體概況如圖1所示：SLP法從對生產線進行全面分析的PQRST開始。對收集到的數據包括P（產品）、Q（產量）、R（生產路線）、S（輔助服務部門）、T（時間）應進行細致的審核，以確保輸入參數的有效性。 procedure （產品）、Q（產量）、R（生產路線）、S（輔助服務部門）、T（時間） SLP法實施程序圖In the flow of material analysis(step 2), all material flows from the whole production line are aggregated into a fromto chart that represents the flow intensity among different tool sets or work step of “activity relationships”(step 3)performs qualitative analysis towards the close relationship decision among different work 。第三步作業(yè)相關關系分析表明了不同工作之間的相關關系。The step of “relationship diagram”(step 4)positions areas those work positions(areas)that have strong interactions and/or close relationships are placed in 。對于那些具有很強的相互關系或者很近的作業(yè)關系的工序設備擺放在一起。The steps of “space requirements” and “space available”(steps 5 and 6)determine the amount of floor space to be allocated to each work decision is particularly critical to a workshop design problem due to the costly clean room floor space and the difficulty in future “需要的空間”和“可以利用的空間”決定了可以供給每個工序設備所使用的空間。這一決策對空間設備布局非?？量蹋驗檐囬g空間的巨大價值和未來車間擴張的需要決定了車間空間的利用價值。The step of “space relationship diagram”(step 7)adds area size information into the relationship diagram from step design constraints and limitations are considered before the start of block layout generation in steps 8 and 10 then develops layout alternatives as design 11 chooses the final design from these design “空間關系圖”通過第四步在車間設備相互關系圖中添加了空間面積信息。在對第八步和第九步的生產線設備布局進行設計之前需要對設計約束和限制進行考慮。第十步形成多個備選方案。第十一步為最終步驟，對備選方案進行評估，并確定最終方案。第三篇：外文翻譯微孔的加工方法正如宏觀加工一樣，在微觀加工中孔的加工也許也是最常用的加工之一?？椎募庸し椒ㄓ泻芏喾N，每一種都有其優(yōu)點和缺點，這主要取決于孔的直徑、深度、工作材料和設備要求。這篇文章主要介紹了內冷卻鉆頭鉆孔、無冷卻鉆孔、插銑、電火花以及激光加工微孔的幾種方法。易于孔加工的操作無論孔有多大，在加工時將冷卻液導入到刀尖，這都有助于排屑并能降低刀具和工件表面產生的摩擦熱。尤其是在加工深細孔時，有無冷卻液對加工的影響更大，因為深細孔加工的刀具比較脆弱，再加上刀具對切屑的二次切削和切屑的堆積會積累大量的熱，而熱量是碳化物刀具的主要“天敵”，它會加快刀具的失效速度。當使用外冷卻液時，刀具本身會阻止切削液進入切削加工位置。也就是到35倍的直徑深度后切削液就會很難流入到刀尖。副哈維工具有限公司的副總工程師杰夫戴維斯說，這時就該選用帶有內冷卻液的鉆頭。另外，在加工小孔時采用的外冷卻液的冷卻方式產生的利要