【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 Existing research in production design layout problems often fall into two major categories, such as algorithmic and procedural approaches usually simplify both design constraints and objectives in order to reach a surrogate objective function whose solution can then be approaches usually only involve quantitative input design solutions are easier to evaluate by paring their objective function ：算法和程序。算法的方法簡(jiǎn)化了設(shè)計(jì)，通過(guò)目標(biāo)函數(shù)的約束和最終目標(biāo)需求得到一個(gè)替代的解決方案。這些方法通常只涉及輸入的數(shù)據(jù)而不包含其它。通過(guò)這種方法得到的解決方案的優(yōu)劣通過(guò)目標(biāo)函數(shù)的值可以很容易的進(jìn)行比較。Procedural approaches can incorporate both,qualitative and quantitative, objectives in the design these approaches, the design process is divided into several steps that are then solved success of a procedural approach implementation is dependent on the generation of quality design alternatives that are often from the output of an experienced , the input from area experts during the design process is considered to be a must towards an effective workshop layout is often the last step for a procedural approach to evaluate the design choice of the final design is often difficult when multiple objectives are ，目標(biāo)在這些方法的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)于這些方法，設(shè)計(jì)流程被分成幾個(gè)步驟，然后按照順序進(jìn)行解決。成功的設(shè)計(jì)方案常常出自經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的設(shè)計(jì)師曾設(shè)計(jì)的方案的代代傳承。因此在進(jìn)行生產(chǎn)線布局時(shí)采用專(zhuān)家的方法進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)是必須的。它常常是進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)布局評(píng)估的最后一個(gè)步驟。因?yàn)槿绻捎枚鄠€(gè)目標(biāo)函數(shù)值進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)最終方案的選擇將是很難的一個(gè)步驟。A workshop layout design problem exposes the strong properties of a multipl objective decision this instance, an algorithmic approach may not be adequate in providing a quality ,the use of a sound procedural approach with the aid of a proven tool as design evaluation function would be a viable approach for a workshop layout design 。在這種情況下，算法不能提供最優(yōu)的設(shè)計(jì)方案，所以采用輔助方案的聲音過(guò)程方法作為設(shè)計(jì)評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)將是車(chē)間布局設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題的可行方法。The authors suggest using a Systematic layout planning(SLP)procedural approach for production process design improvement, because it features both the simplicity of the design process and the objectivity of the multiplecriteria evaluation process as opposed to existing algorithmic approaches, which are ineffective in solving qualitative objective problems, and regular procedural approaches that lack a structural multiplecriteria evaluation ，因?yàn)樗哂泻?jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程，多準(zhǔn)則評(píng)估過(guò)程客觀性，和現(xiàn)有的算法完全不同，現(xiàn)有的算法是無(wú)效的，現(xiàn)有的算法在解決客觀存在的問(wèn)題和定期處理程序性問(wèn)題缺乏結(jié)構(gòu)性的多方位評(píng)估方法。While the authors were involved in the Ramp。D project of technological modernization of one real shipyard,as a separate project they had to design a new pipe production workshop, where a proposed novel approach was implemented and amp。D項(xiàng)目，但是作為一個(gè)單獨(dú)的項(xiàng)目，作者要設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)全新的管道生產(chǎn)線，在這條生產(chǎn)線上SLP法將得到應(yīng)用。（Outline of systematic Layout planning）This section aims at providing a brief review of the SLP procedure as shown in Figure SLP begins with PQRST analysis(step 1)for the overall production data collection fields including P(product),Q(quantity), R(routing), S(supporting), and T(time)should be scrutinized in order to assure the validity of the input data at the design ，大體概況如圖1所示：SLP法從對(duì)生產(chǎn)線進(jìn)行全面分析的PQRST開(kāi)始。對(duì)收集到的數(shù)據(jù)包括P（產(chǎn)品）、Q（產(chǎn)量）、R（生產(chǎn)路線）、S（輔助服務(wù)部門(mén)）、T（時(shí)間）應(yīng)進(jìn)行細(xì)致的審核，以確保輸入?yún)?shù)的有效性。 procedure （產(chǎn)品）、Q（產(chǎn)量）、R（生產(chǎn)路線）、S（輔助服務(wù)部門(mén)）、T（時(shí)間） SLP法實(shí)施程序圖In the flow of material analysis(step 2), all material flows from the whole production line are aggregated into a fromto chart that represents the flow intensity among different tool sets or work step of “activity relationships”(step 3)performs qualitative analysis towards the close relationship decision among different work 。第三步作業(yè)相關(guān)關(guān)系分析表明了不同工作之間的相關(guān)關(guān)系。The step of “relationship diagram”(step 4)positions areas those work positions(areas)that have strong interactions and/or close relationships are placed in 。對(duì)于那些具有很強(qiáng)的相互關(guān)系或者很近的作業(yè)關(guān)系的工序設(shè)備擺放在一起。The steps of “space requirements” and “space available”(steps 5 and 6)determine the amount of floor space to be allocated to each work decision is particularly critical to a workshop design problem due to the costly clean room floor space and the difficulty in future “需要的空間”和“可以利用的空間”決定了可以供給每個(gè)工序設(shè)備所使用的空間。這一決策對(duì)空間設(shè)備布局非?？量?，因?yàn)檐?chē)間空間的巨大價(jià)值和未來(lái)車(chē)間擴(kuò)張的需要決定了車(chē)間空間的利用價(jià)值。The step of “space relationship diagram”(step 7)adds area size information into the relationship diagram from step design constraints and limitations are considered before the start of block layout generation in steps 8 and 10 then develops layout alternatives as design 11 chooses the final design from these design “空間關(guān)系圖”通過(guò)第四步在車(chē)間設(shè)備相互關(guān)系圖中添加了空間面積信息。在對(duì)第八步和第九步的生產(chǎn)線設(shè)備布局進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)之前需要對(duì)設(shè)計(jì)約束和限制進(jìn)行考慮。第十步形成多個(gè)備選方案。第十一步為最終步驟，對(duì)備選方案進(jìn)行評(píng)估，并確定最終方案。第三篇：外文翻譯微孔的加工方法正如宏觀加工一樣，在微觀加工中孔的加工也許也是最常用的加工之一?？椎募庸し椒ㄓ泻芏喾N，每一種都有其優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，這主要取決于孔的直徑、深度、工作材料和設(shè)備要求。這篇文章主要介紹了內(nèi)冷卻鉆頭鉆孔、無(wú)冷卻鉆孔、插銑、電火花以及激光加工微孔的幾種方法。易于孔加工的操作無(wú)論孔有多大，在加工時(shí)將冷卻液導(dǎo)入到刀尖，這都有助于排屑并能降低刀具和工件表面產(chǎn)生的摩擦熱。尤其是在加工深細(xì)孔時(shí)，有無(wú)冷卻液對(duì)加工的影響更大，因?yàn)樯罴?xì)孔加工的刀具比較脆弱，再加上刀具對(duì)切屑的二次切削和切屑的堆積會(huì)積累大量的熱，而熱量是碳化物刀具的主要“天敵”，它會(huì)加快刀具的失效速度。當(dāng)使用外冷卻液時(shí)，刀具本身會(huì)阻止切削液進(jìn)入切削加工位置。也就是到35倍的直徑深度后切削液就會(huì)很難流入到刀尖。副哈維工具有限公司的副總工程師杰夫戴維斯說(shuō)，這時(shí)就該選用帶有內(nèi)冷卻液的鉆頭。另外，在加工小孔時(shí)采用的外冷卻液的冷卻方式產(chǎn)生的利要