【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 have been developed over a long time for acplishing tasks. These rules guide employees in a variety of procedures. Many business processes are incorporated into information systems. ? Organizations require many different kinds of skills and people. In addition to managers, knowledge workers design products or services and create new knowledge, and data workers process the anization’s paperwork. Production or service workers actually produce the anization’s products or services. ? Each anization has a unique culture, or fundamental set of assumptions, values, and ways of doing things, that has been accepted by most of its members. Parts of an anization’s culture can always be found embedded in its information systems. 42 ? MANAGEMENT – Management’s job is to make sense out of the many situations faced by anizations, make decisions, and formulate action plans to solve anizational problems. Managers allocate the human and financial resources to coordinate the work and achieve success. – But managers must do more than manage what already exists. They must also create new products and services. A substantial part of management responsibility is creative work driven by new knowledge and information. Information technology can play a powerful role in redirecting and redesigning the anization. 43 ? Managerial roles and decisions vary at different levels of the anization. Senior managers make longrange strategic decisions about what products and services to produce. Middle managers carry out the programs and plans of senior management. Operational managers are responsible for monitoring the firm’s daily activities. Each level of management has different information needs and information system requirements. 44 ? TECHNOLOGY – Information technology is one of many tools managers use to cope with change. ? Computer hardware ? Software ? storage technology ? Communications technology 45 ? The Inter has created a new ―universal‖ technology platform on which to build all sorts of new products, services, strategies, and business models. This same technology platform has internal uses, providing the connectivity to link different systems and works within the firm. Internal corporate works based on Inter technology are called intras. Private intras extended to authorized users outside the anization are called extras, and firms use such works to coordinate their activities with other firms for making purchases, collaborating on design, and other interanizational work. 46 ? Information Technology (IT) – refers to all of the puterbased information systems used by anizations and their underlying technologies（ the products, methods, inventions, and standards that are used for the purpose of producing information. ） – Information technologies and systems are revolutionizing the operation of firms, industries ,and markets. ? The business value of IT is determined is determined by the relationships among ISs, people, and business processes—all of which are influenced strongly by anizational culture. 47 Major Capabilities of ISs and Supported Business Objectives ? Perform highspeed, highvolume, numerical putations ? Provide fast, accurate munication and collaboration unrestricted by time and location ? Store huge amounts of information that is accessible via private works and the Inter ? Automate semiautomatic business processes and manually done tasks. ? Enable automation of routine decision making and facilitate plex decision making IS capabilities support these business objectives: ? Improve productivity (productivity is a measurement or the ratio of inputs to outputs) ? Reduce costs and waste ? Improve the ability to make informed decisions ? Facilitate collaboration ? Enhance customer relationships ? Develop new analytic capabilities ? Provide feedback on performance 48 49 CONTEMPORARY APPROACHES TO INFORMATION SYSTEMS Technical Approaches Behavioral Approaches Management Science Operations Research Sociology Economics Computer Science Psychology The technical approach to information systems emphasizes mathematically based models to study information system. Computer science is concerned with establishing theories of putability, methods of putation, and models of efficient data storage and access.. Management science emphasizes the development of models for decisionmaking and management practices. Behavioral issues include strategic business integration, design, implementation, utilization, and management. Operations research focuses on mathematical techniques for optimizing selected parameters of anizations, such as transportation, inventory control, and transaction costs. Positioning IT to Optimize Performance ? During the 2023s , managers are exploring new strategies to improve business performance, or profitability. One approach is to develop the agility needed to identify and capture opportunities more quickly than rivals. ? Organizations can benefit from opportunities made possible by high performance mobile devices and highspeed mobile telemunication works. Examples are the 3G and 4G works of cellular service providers. Mobile technology has torn down the walls between our business, professional, and personal lives. 50 ? Organizations depend on IT to be able to adapt to market conditions and gain a petitive edge. That petitive advantage is shortlived if petitors quickly duplicate it. No advantage is very longlasting. Therefore, panies need to upgrade, develop, and/or deploy new ISs to remain in the petitive game. ? During the last decade, panies were adapting to social working, and became extensions of businesses to reach customers, prospects, and business partners. 51 ? A busi