現(xiàn)代綠色化學與化工概述英文版(編輯修改稿)
2025-01-20 10:31 本頁面
【文章內容簡介】 s manufacturing. The Costs of Waste? In the mid1990s in the USA, for example, only about 300 or so of the 75000 mercial substances in use were classified as hazardous.? Compliance with existing environmental laws will cost new EU member states well over €10 billion。 a similar amount is spent each year in the USA to treat and dispose of waste.? Cost of waste can easily amount to 40% of the overall production costs for a typical speciality chemical product.Production costsFigure Production costs for speciality chemicals.The Costs of WasteFigure The costs of waste. The Greening of Chemistry Figure Options for waste management within a chemical manufacturing process.Hierarchy of waste management techniques? Prevention, by far the most desirable option? Recycling, the next most favourable option? Disposal, the least desirable option? Cleaner production: ‘The continuous application of an integrated preventative environmental strategy to processes and products to reduce risks to humans and the environment. For production processes, cleaner production includes conserving raw materials, and reducing the quality and toxicity of all emissions and wastes before they leave a process.’Atom economyTable ‘Atom accounts’ for a typical partial oxidation reaction using chromateElement Fate Atom utilisationC Product(s) Up to 100%H Product(s) + waste acid 100%Cr Chromium waste 0%Na Salt waste 0%S Salt waste (after acid neutralisation) 0%O Pr
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