【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 Bannockburn. 4. Union with England in 1707 1). In 1603, Queen Elizabeth I of England died. James the 6th of Scotland took the throne, called James the First of England。 uniting the two thrones 2). Scotland maintained its separate political identity. 3). In 1707, Scotland joined the Union by agreement of the English and Scottish Parliaments 4). Scotland sends 72 representatives to the London Parliament. In 1922, only 3 were from the Scottish Nationalist Party, wanting an independent Scotland。 49 was from the Labor Party, wanting to set up a regional parliament for Scotland to manage its own internal affairs within the UK. 5. Strong Scottish identity Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in the arts, philosophy and science. * Robert Louis Stevenson’ s famous novel Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 《 吉基爾醫(yī)生與海德先生 》shows that: Scotland was superficially fully integrated into the UK, but concealed beneath this is a stillstrong Scottish identity. Wales Population: Million Capital city: Cardiff People: Celts, AngloSaxons Language: Welsh, English Religion: Nonconformist (非國教 ) Protestants, Anglicans, Catholics Beaumaris Castle in N. Wales Caerphilly Castle in S. Wales Wales 1. A brief introduction of Wales 1) capital: Cardiff, on the south coast 2) rich coal deposits attract foreign investment from Japan and , etc. new industries to replace coal and steel 3) smallest on the British mainland。 close to central England。 hilly and rugged 4) retains a powerful sense of difference from England 5) retains its own language。 19% population speaking Gaelic 2. Campaigns for independence of UK resist the English 1) 1267, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (盧埃林 〃 阿普 〃 格魯菲德 ), forced the English to acknowledge him as Prince of Wales by a military campaign, and unified Wales as an independent nation. 2) 1282, he was killed. The English King Edward I named his son the Prince of Wales, trying to bring Wales into the British nation. 3) 1400, Owain Glyndwr (歐文 〃 格林道瓦爾 ) led an unsuccessful rising against the English. 4) 1536, Wales was brought legally into the UK by an act of the British Parliament. 5) Wales sends 38 representatives to the London Parliament. 4 are from the Nationalist Party. Northern Ireland – Population: Million – Capital city: Belfast – People: Irish – Language: English, and Irish – Religion: 95% Roman Catholic, % Protestant in the Republic。 60% Protestant, 40% Roman Catholic in Northern Ireland Northern Ireland 1. Population and physical features of Northern Ireland (北愛爾蘭的人口和地理特征 ) 1) often called Ulster, smallest of the 4 (in area amp。 population) 2) million people, smaller than many Chinese cities 3) capital: Belfast, the biggest city in the province, east coast 4) mostly rural, low hills, beautiful lake district in the southwest, rugged coastline, including its most famous landmark, the Giant’ s Causeway (巨型長堤 ) the Giant’ s Causeway, the World Natural Heritage the Giant’ s Causeway the Giant’ s Boot 2. Political problems Ireland has been divided by a long and bloody conflict as a result of its colonial history. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland” . One of the key issues in late 19th century British politics was a campaign in parliament for what was called “ the Home Rule Bill” Irish political control of Irish affairs. 1) Ordinary life continues, and troubles are an addition. 2) Crime is very low. 3) Problems are mainly concentrated in particular areas. 3. Active cultural life theatres, restaurants, pubs and museums 4. Economy 1) has problems: ① partly because the troubles discouraging investment ② partly because of its peripherality (周邊 ) in relation to the UK 2) wealth per head is the lowest of UK 3) living costs are paratively low 4) Industrial panies include the aircraft manufacturers. 5. The Home Rule Bill (自治法案 ) From 1801 to 1921, the full name of UK was “ The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland” , because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain. But due to Irish desires for an independent Irish state, a campaign in parliament for “ Homerule” was launched, and the Home Rule Bill was finally passed in 1914. 從 1801年到 1921年，英國的全名是大不列顛及愛爾蘭聯(lián)合王國，因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)愛爾蘭島在政治上都與大不列顛是一體的但是由于愛爾蘭人想要建立一個(gè)獨(dú)立的愛爾蘭國家，由愛爾蘭人管理自己管理愛爾蘭的事務(wù)，國會(huì)中掀起了一場爭取自治的運(yùn)動(dòng)，自治法案在 1914年最終得以通過。 6. Guerilla or terrorist activities against the British institutions and the British military forces 1) The Easter Rising of 1916 (復(fù)活節(jié)起義 ) the rebels occupied Dublin’ s Post Office and forced the British to take it back by military force. The leaders of the rebellion were executed by the British authorities. 2) the Sinn Fein Party ( “ Ourselves Alone” 新芬黨 ) a legal political party, supporters of the Irish terrorists。 support the IRA’ s (愛爾蘭共和軍 ) right to fight by a twin campaign, both political and military which they call the policy of “ the Bullet and the Ballot Box” (暴力和民主手段 ) Patrick Pearse, head of the 39。Provisional Government39。 proclaimed in the Easter Rising. The Proclamation of the Republic read by Patrick Pearse outside the GPO in 1916. 7. Religious conflicts between the Irish and the British (愛爾蘭人和不列顛人之間的宗教沖突 ) Ireland was not invaded by the Romans or the AngloSaxons most Irish are Catholics。 most Britain are Protestants In the 17th C., people emigrated from Scotland and Northern England to the north of Ireland. The peoples of this part thought of themselves as British, and wished to remain a part of the British state. They were Protestants. 8. A partition o