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y from the Roman Catholic Church. 3) His daughter Elizabeth brought glory to the new state by defeating the powerful navy of Spain, the greatest European power of the time. During the Tudor age, England experienced one of the greatest artistic periods in its history. Reading activity Why did Henry VIII break away from the central organization of Christianity基督教 ? Why does the Elizabethan age remain as an age of glory in English minds? Please use an example to illustrate說明 the Protestant 新教 –Catholic hatred仇恨 . The 17th century the House of the Stuarts (1603— 1714) English Revolution English Revolution was from 1640 to 1660. It began with the calling of the Long Parliament by King Charles I and proceeded through two civil wars, the trial and execution of the king, the republican experiments of Oliver Cromwell, and, ultimately, the restoration 復(fù)辟 of King Charles II. The 17th century the House of the Stuarts (1603— 1714) Oliver Cromwell Cromwell, Oliver (Lord Protector), leader in the English Revolution and the first moner平民 to rule England. During the English Civil War, Cromwell hold together the peting groups that had overthrown King Charles. His civilian government introduced electoral reform選舉改革 , moderate religious toleration, and the first truly British Parliament. After a period of political chaos混亂 he was succeeded by the restoration of Charles II to the throne君主 . The 17th century the House of the Stuarts (1603— 1714) Charles I Charles I believed in the divine right神權(quán) of kings and in the authority of the Church of England. These beliefs brought him into conflict with Parliament and ultimately最終 led to civil war. Charles convoked 召集 and dissolved解散 three Parliaments in four years because they refused to ply with順從 his arbitrary獨裁 measures including the demand that his subjects pay國稅 for military expenditures軍費支出 and imprisoning關(guān)押 those who did