【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 (L, K, H, N) Y = quantity of output A = available production technology L = quantity of labor K = quantity of physical capital H = quantity of human capital N = quantity of natural resources F( ) is a function that shows how the inputs are bined. 生產(chǎn)函數(shù) Y = A F(L, K, H, N) Y = 產(chǎn)出量 A = 可得到的生產(chǎn)技術 L = 勞動量 K = 物質資本量 H = 人力資本量 N = 自然資源量 F( ) 是一個表示投入如何結合起來以生產(chǎn) 產(chǎn)出的函數(shù)。 The Production Function 生產(chǎn)函數(shù) ? A production function has constant returns to scale if, for any positive number x, 如果給定任何一個正數(shù) x， 下式成立，則該生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的規(guī)模收益不變。 xY = A F(xL, xK, xH, xN) ? That is, a doubling of all inputs causes the amount of output to double as well. 這就是說，投入翻番就會使產(chǎn)出翻番。 The Production Function ?Production functions with constant returns to scale have an interesting implication. ?Setting x = 1/L, Y/ L = A F(1, K/ L, H/ L, N/ L) Where: Y/L = output per worker K/L = physical capital per worker H/L = human capital per worker N/L = natural resources per worker 生產(chǎn)函數(shù) ?規(guī)模收益不變的生產(chǎn)函數(shù)有一個令人感興趣的含義。 ?設 x = 1/L, Y/ L = A F(1, K/ L, H/ L, N/ L) 這里 : Y/L = 每個工人的產(chǎn)量 K/L = 每個工人的物質資本 H/L = 每個工人的人力資本 N/L = 每個工人的自然資源 The Production Function The preceding equation says that productivity (Y/L) depends on physical capital per worker (K/L), human capital per worker (H/L), and natural resources per worker (N/L), as well as the state of technology, (A). 生產(chǎn)函數(shù) 這個公式說明，生產(chǎn)率 (Y/L)取決于每個工人的物質資本 (K/L)， 每個工人的人力資本 (H/L)， 每個工人的自然資源， (N/L)， 以及技術狀況 (A). Representatives Economic Growth and Public Policy 經(jīng)濟增長與公共政策 Governments can do many things to raise productivity and living standards. 政府可以做很多事情來提高生產(chǎn)率和生活水平。 ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PUBLIC POLICY ? Government Policies That Raise Productivity and Living Standards ?Encourage saving and investment. ?Encourage investment from abroad ?Encourage education and training. ?Establish secure property rights and maintain political stability. ?Promote free trade. ?Promote research and development. 經(jīng)濟增長與公共政策 ?提高生產(chǎn)率和生活水平的政府政策 ?鼓勵儲蓄和投資 ?鼓勵來自國外的投資 ?鼓勵教育和培訓 ?建立完善的產(chǎn)權保護機制和政治穩(wěn)定 ?促進自由貿(mào)易 ?促進研究與開發(fā) The Importance of Saving and Investment 儲蓄與投資的重要性 One way to raise future productivity is to invest more current resources in the production of capital. 提高未來生產(chǎn)率的一種方法就是把更多現(xiàn)期資源投資于資本的生產(chǎn)。 Figure 1 Growth and Investment ( a ) G r o w t h R a t e 1 9 6 0 – 1991 ( b ) I n v e s t m e n t 1 9 6 0 – 1991 South Korea Singapore Japan Israel Canada Brazil West Germany Mexico United Kingdom Nigeria United States India Bangladesh Chile Rwanda South Korea Singapore Japan Israel Canada Brazil West Germany Mexico United Kingdom Nigeria United States India Bangladesh Chile Rwanda Investment (percent of GDP) Growth Rate (percent) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 10 20 30 40 (a) 19601991增長率 (b) 19601991投資 韓國 新加坡 日本 以色列 加拿大 巴西 西德 墨西哥 英國 尼日利亞 美國 印度 孟加拉國 智利 盧旺達 增長率 (百分比 ) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 South Korea Singapore Japan Israel Canada Brazil West Germany Mexico United Kingdom Nigeria United States India Bangladesh Chile Rwanda 投資 (GDP的％ ) 0 10 20 30 40 圖 1. 增長與投資 HarrodDomar model (