新標(biāo)準(zhǔn)大學(xué)英語(yǔ)3unit2-culturalchildhoods原文譯文(編輯修改稿)
2025-08-11 01:38 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 of as mischievous。 they cry or want to feed simply because they are naughty, and beatings are at their most severe between the ages of three and five when children are seen as particularly wilful. Parents believe that social petence can only be achieved through discipline and physical punishment, and treat their children in ways that have seemed very harsh to outsiders.相反，根據(jù)海倫莫頓的研究，太平洋島國(guó)湯加的兒童經(jīng)常挨父母和哥哥姐姐的打。人們認(rèn)為兒童和成年人相比更像瘋子，因?yàn)樗麄內(nèi)狈Ρ淮蠹铱粗氐纳鐣?huì)能力（湯加人稱(chēng)之為 poto）。小孩子經(jīng)常因?yàn)楸渴直磕_而挨罵，他們連摔跤都會(huì)被嘲笑、呵斥，甚至被打。人們認(rèn)為兒童很頑皮，都是因?yàn)樘詺馑麄儾趴摁[，或者要東西吃。在大人看來(lái)，三至五歲的兒童尤其任性，因此他們打這個(gè)年齡段的孩子也打得最狠。父母?jìng)兿嘈?，只有靠?xùn)導(dǎo)和體罰才能使孩子獲得社會(huì)能力，所以他們用一種在外人看來(lái)非常嚴(yán)厲的方式對(duì)待孩子。7 In other cases, ideas about children are radically different. For example, the Beng, a small ethnic group in West Africa, assume that very young children know and understand everything that is said to them, in whatever language they are addressed. The Beng, who39。ve been extensively studied by another anthropologist, Alma Gottlieb, believe in a spirit world where children live before they are born and where they know all human languages and understand all cultures. Life in the spirit world is very pleasant and the children have many friends there and are often very reluctant to leave it for an earthly family (a fictional account of a spirit child39。s journey between the spirit and the earthly world is given in Ben Okri39。s novel, The Famished Road). When they are born, they remain in contact with this other world for several years, and may decide to return there if they are not properly looked after. So parents treat young children with great care so that they39。re not tempted to return, and also with some reverence, because they39。re in contact with the spirit world in a way that adults aren39。t. 在其他的例子中，有關(guān)兒童的觀念則截然不同。例如，西非的一個(gè)叫孟加拉的很小的族群認(rèn)為，不管說(shuō)什么、用什么語(yǔ)言說(shuō)，小孩子都能聽(tīng)明白，并且能理解。另一位人類(lèi)學(xué)家阿爾瑪戈特利布對(duì)孟加拉族進(jìn)行了廣泛的研究，孟加拉族人認(rèn)為小孩子出生前居住在靈界，在那里他們通曉人類(lèi)所有的語(yǔ)言，能理解所有的文化。靈界的生活很愜意，小孩子在那里有很多朋友，他們通常極不愿意離開(kāi)那兒，來(lái)到地球上的家庭中（本奧克雷的小說(shuō)《饑餓之路》就描述了一個(gè)小孩在靈界和人世之間往返的故事） 。他們出生后仍然與那個(gè)世界保持長(zhǎng)達(dá)數(shù)年的聯(lián)系，如果沒(méi)有得到良好的照顧，他們就可能要返回靈界。因此，父母?jìng)兿ば恼樟虾⒆?，以免他們受到誘惑，回歸靈界，而且對(duì)他們也有幾分敬畏，因?yàn)樗麄兙邆浯笕怂痪邆涞耐`的本領(lǐng)。 8 There39。s a tendency to view
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