【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 立思考和分析問題的能力得到了大大的提升。我在單片機(jī)的基本原理應(yīng)用和簡(jiǎn)單開發(fā)，常用編程設(shè)計(jì)，硬件電路設(shè)計(jì)與調(diào)試等方面都有了較大的進(jìn)步，為以后在工作與學(xué)習(xí)中的應(yīng)用打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。在老師的指導(dǎo)幫助與嚴(yán)格要求下，我獨(dú)立地查閱資料、設(shè)計(jì)電路、編寫程序，極大地提高了我的實(shí)踐能力。通過查閱相關(guān)資料，我對(duì)電子領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r有了一定的了解并產(chǎn)生了很大的興趣，對(duì)以后的工作有很大的幫助。此外，我非常感謝蘇州大學(xué)電子信息學(xué)院的全體老師與同學(xué)，是你們?cè)谖宜哪甑拇髮W(xué)生活中給予我指導(dǎo)與幫助，是我的大學(xué)生活豐富多彩。沒有你們的幫助與支持我是不可能克服所有困難來(lái)順利地完成此畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)。在此我要感謝所有給予過我?guī)椭目删吹膸熼L(zhǎng)、可愛的同學(xué)和親愛的朋友，請(qǐng)你們接受我真摯的謝意！本文參考了大量的文獻(xiàn)資料，在此，向各學(xué)術(shù)界的前輩們致敬！同時(shí)也非常感謝在百忙之中抽出時(shí)間來(lái)進(jìn)行論文評(píng)閱與答辯的專家與教授，謝謝你們！最后我要感謝我的父母，沒有你們的辛苦努力就沒有我的今天，將我最崇高的敬意先給你們！附錄：附件一：蘇州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）任務(wù)書學(xué)院（部）：電子信息學(xué)院 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目： 超聲波測(cè)距儀指導(dǎo)教師姓名周鳴籟職 稱副教授類 別畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)學(xué) 生 姓 名吳紅亮學(xué) 號(hào)0828401114設(shè)計(jì)（論文）類型應(yīng)用型年 級(jí)2008級(jí)專 業(yè)電子信息工程是否隸屬科研項(xiàng)目否設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主要任務(wù)及目標(biāo)設(shè)計(jì)制作一個(gè)超聲波測(cè)距儀，采用超聲波傳感器，配合發(fā)射和接收電路，通過信號(hào)處理，計(jì)算并顯示距離。 設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的主要內(nèi)容(1) 設(shè)計(jì)制作超聲波發(fā)射和接收電路。(2) 設(shè)計(jì)制作單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)，帶有顯示器。(3) 編寫單片機(jī)程序，計(jì)算和顯示距離。設(shè)計(jì)（論文）的基本要求(1)在查閱文獻(xiàn)資料的基礎(chǔ)上，提出設(shè)計(jì)方案。(2)掌握超聲波測(cè)距的原理和信號(hào)處理方法。(3)工作認(rèn)真，按進(jìn)度安排實(shí)施畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)。(4)按照格式規(guī)范撰寫畢業(yè)論文，清晰流暢地表述課題研究成果。主要參考文獻(xiàn)[1] [2] HCSR04中文資料.[3] [4] [5] [6] STC單片機(jī)資料手冊(cè).[7] 進(jìn)度安排設(shè)計(jì)（論文）各階段任務(wù)起 止 日 期1查閱資料，提出設(shè)計(jì)方案2012/2/26至2012/3/102制作和調(diào)試硬件電路2012/3/11至2012/4/73軟件編程，系統(tǒng)調(diào)試2012/4/8 至2012/4/204撰寫論文2012/4/21 至2012/5/1056注：此表一式三份，學(xué)院(部)、指導(dǎo)教師、學(xué)生各一份；類別是指畢業(yè)論文或畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，類型指應(yīng)用型、理論研究型和其他；在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下由學(xué)生填寫。附件二：蘇州大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）中期進(jìn)展情況檢查表學(xué)院（部）：電子信息學(xué)院 學(xué)生姓名吳紅亮年級(jí)08專業(yè)電子信息工程填表日期設(shè)計(jì)（論文）題目超聲波測(cè)距儀已完成的任務(wù)1. 根據(jù)需要實(shí)現(xiàn)的功能設(shè)計(jì)電路圖；2. 焊接電路板，并對(duì)各個(gè)模塊進(jìn)行硬件調(diào)試。是否符合任務(wù)書要求進(jìn)度符合尚須完成的任務(wù)1. 進(jìn)行軟件設(shè)計(jì)與調(diào)試；2. 將程序燒入單片機(jī)，進(jìn)行硬件調(diào)試；3. 進(jìn)一步完善該開發(fā)板的功能。能否按期完成任務(wù)能存在的問題和解決辦法存在的問題溫度傳感器測(cè)溫不準(zhǔn)擬采取的辦法參考DS18B20的驅(qū)動(dòng)對(duì)程序進(jìn)行修改指導(dǎo)教師意見 簽名：中期檢查專家組意見 組長(zhǎng)簽名：學(xué)院（部）意見 分管教學(xué)院長(zhǎng)簽名：文獻(xiàn)綜述實(shí)現(xiàn)超聲波測(cè)距的方案有很多，常見的有利用HCSR0US100等集成的超聲波傳感器和單片機(jī)的實(shí)現(xiàn)方法。本設(shè)計(jì)采用超聲波傳感器模塊HCSR04和STC89C51單片機(jī)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)測(cè)距。為了更好地完成此次設(shè)計(jì)，我參考了國(guó)內(nèi)外大量的文獻(xiàn)。本設(shè)計(jì)參考了HCSR04技術(shù)資料，HCSR04超聲波傳感器模塊已將發(fā)射電路和接收電路集成好了，硬件上不必再自行設(shè)計(jì)繁復(fù)的發(fā)射及接收電路，軟件上也無(wú)需再通過定時(shí)器產(chǎn)生40kHz的方波引起壓電陶瓷共振從而產(chǎn)生超聲波。在使用時(shí)，只要在控制端‘Trig’發(fā)一個(gè)大于10us寬度的高電平,就可以在接收端‘Echo’等待高電平輸出。單片機(jī)一旦檢測(cè)到有輸出就打開定時(shí)器開始計(jì)時(shí)。當(dāng)此口變?yōu)榈碗娖綍r(shí)就停止計(jì)時(shí)并讀出定時(shí)器的值，此值就為此次測(cè)距的時(shí)間，再根據(jù)溫度和超聲波傳播速度即可算出障礙物的距離。本設(shè)計(jì)還參考了STC單片機(jī)資料手冊(cè)和基于單片機(jī)的超聲波測(cè)距硬件設(shè)計(jì)，這些文獻(xiàn)介紹了單片機(jī)的最小系統(tǒng)搭建、測(cè)距儀的基本模塊電路設(shè)計(jì)。該測(cè)距儀的單片機(jī)電路模塊以STC89C51為核心，兩片20pF的電容并聯(lián)在晶振兩端進(jìn)行濾波，使送到單片機(jī)中的時(shí)鐘信號(hào)穩(wěn)定。為了減小I/O口開銷，通過配置共陽(yáng)數(shù)碼管譯碼器74LS47實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)碼管的動(dòng)態(tài)顯示。此外，本設(shè)計(jì)還參考了DS18B20溫度傳感器用戶手冊(cè)，該手冊(cè)詳細(xì)介紹了DS18B20的原理和功能，DS18B20通過一個(gè)單線接口發(fā)送或接收信息，因此在中央微處理器和DS18B20之間僅需一條連線（加上地線）。用于讀寫和溫度轉(zhuǎn)換的電源可以從數(shù)據(jù)線本身獲得，無(wú)需外部電源。但是在本次設(shè)計(jì)中，給DS18B20供電的方法是從VDD引腳接入一個(gè)外部電源。這樣做的好處事I/O線上不需要加強(qiáng)上拉，而且總線控制器不用在溫度轉(zhuǎn)換期間總保持高電平。這樣在轉(zhuǎn)換期間可以允許單總線上進(jìn)行其他數(shù)據(jù)往來(lái)。這次設(shè)計(jì)參考了許多文獻(xiàn)，為我的設(shè)計(jì)的完成打下了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。通過對(duì)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀，我學(xué)到了很多專業(yè)知識(shí)，并且對(duì)超聲波測(cè)距產(chǎn)生了很大興趣。在設(shè)計(jì)過程中的大部分問題我都通過閱讀參考的文獻(xiàn)解決了。超聲波測(cè)距儀研究和實(shí)現(xiàn)在智能機(jī)器人，汽車倒車?yán)走_(dá)設(shè)計(jì)等方面有很大應(yīng)用，以后的超聲波測(cè)距系統(tǒng)將會(huì)更加智能化、微型化、精確化。Progress in ComputersPrestige Lecture delivered to IEE, Cambridge, on 5 February 2004Maurice WilkesComputer LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeThe first stored program puters began to work around 1950. The one we built in Cambridge, the EDSAC was first used in the summer of 1949.These early experimental puters were built by people like myself with varying backgrounds. We all had extensive experience in electronic engineering and were confident that that experience would stand us in good stead. This proved true, although we had some new things to learn. The most important of these was that transients must be treated correctly。 what would cause a harmless flash on the screen of a television set could lead to a serious error in a puter.As far as puting circuits were concerned, we found ourselves with an embarass de richess. For example, we could use vacuum tube diodes for gates as we did in the EDSAC or pentodes with control signals on both grids, a system widely used elsewhere. This sort of choice persisted and the term families of logic came into use. Those who have worked in the puter field will remember TTL, ECL and CMOS. Of these, CMOS has now bee dominant.In those early years, the IEE was still dominated by power engineering and we had to fight a number of major battles in order to get radio engineering along with the rapidly developing subject of in the IEE light current electrical recognised as an activity in its own right. I remember that we had some difficulty in organising a conference because the power engineers’ ways of doing things were not our ways. A minor source of irritation was that all IEE published papers were expected to start with a lengthy statement of earlier practice, something difficult to do when there was no earlier practiceConsolidation in the 1960s By the late 50s or early 1960s, the heroic pioneering stage was over and the puter field was starting up in real earnest. The number of puters in the world had increased and they were much more reliable than the very early ones . To those years we can ascribe the first steps in high level languages and the first operating systems. Experimental timesharing was beginning, and ultimately puter graphics was to e along.Above all, transistors began to replace vacuum tubes. This change presented a formidable challenge to the engineers of the day. They had to forget what they knew about circuits and start again. It can only be said that they measured up superbly well to the challenge and that the change could not have gone more smoothly. Soon it was found possible to put more than one transistor on the same bit of silicon, and this was the beginning of integrated circuits. As time went on, a sufficient level of integration was reached for one chip to acmodate enough transistors for a small number of gates or flip flops. This led to a range of chips known as the 7400 series. The gates and flip flops were independent of one another and each had its own pins. They could be connected by offchip wiring to make a puter or anything else.These chips made a new kind of puter possible. It was called a miniputer. It was so