【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ergy (solid line) flow for the powertrain ponents along with specifications.(虛線)或能量(實(shí)線)流的動(dòng)力以及傳動(dòng)部件規(guī)格。In selecting a motor, several requirements had to be met. These included the power necessary to drive the toy bus, as well as low power consumption, integrated encoder feedback, and a small size. The power requirements were satisfied by the Micromo 1524SR DC motor with an integrated 16 line magnetic encoder. The motor achieves a range of W maximum power output with % efficiency (requires W of input power) or W output power with the maximum efficiency % (requires W of input power). The DC motor operates at an input voltage range of 5–V with the optimum being equal to 6V.在選擇電動(dòng)機(jī),幾個(gè)需求必須得到滿足。這些包括必須的力量驅(qū)動(dòng)的玩具汽車,以及低功耗、集成編碼器反饋,和一個(gè)小的尺寸。電力的需求都被滿足的Micromo 1524 sr直流電機(jī)集成16線磁編碼器。 %( W的輸入功率) %( W的輸入功率)。直流電機(jī)的操作在一個(gè)輸入電壓范圍的5 V與最佳等于6 V。Anticipating some voltage drop from the FC, a DC/DC converter was chosen to stepup the quoted FC stack voltage –V in the DC/DC output. The DC/DC converter was implemented using a LM2578A switching regulator manufactured by National Semiconductor. The output of the DC/DC converter was sent to a BASIC stamp controller and a transistorswitching module for current control to the DC motor. The BASIC stamp controller drewat V, and output 4000 instructions per second. The encoder, drawing, measured the angular velocity of the motor and provided the information to the BASIC stamp controller. The inputs to the transistorswitching module were the DC/DC converter power output and the output of the BASIC stamp controller. The heart of this switching module was a TO92 type transistor made by Zetex that drew.預(yù)期電壓降從FC、直流/ V的直流/直流輸出。直流/直流轉(zhuǎn)換器是實(shí)現(xiàn)使用一個(gè)LM2578A開(kāi)關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)器采用美國(guó)國(guó)家半導(dǎo)體公司。輸出的直流/直流轉(zhuǎn)換器被送到了一個(gè)基本的郵票控制器和一個(gè)晶體管開(kāi)關(guān)模塊電流控制的直流電機(jī)。 V,輸出每秒4000條指令。編碼器,圖紙,測(cè)量角速度的電動(dòng)機(jī)和提供信息的基本郵票控制器。輸入到晶體管開(kāi)關(guān)模塊的直流/直流轉(zhuǎn)換器輸出功率和輸出的基本郵票控制器。這個(gè)開(kāi)關(guān)模塊的核心是一個(gè)到 92型晶體管由Zetex,畫(huà)了。The motor drew the current from the transistorswitching module, and used it to mechanically rotate the shaft at a speed that depends on the current delivered. The maximum current that was delivered to the motor was汽車引起了電流的晶體管開(kāi)關(guān)模塊,并使用它來(lái)機(jī)械轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)軸速度,取決于當(dāng)前的交付。的最大電流, 送到了電動(dòng)機(jī)The transistorswitching module then regulated its electrical output and consequently controlled the motor speed up to a maximum of 6V and 250mA for the bus to go uphill. A current of A corresponds to motor output of W with % efficiency and 7700rpm based on the manufacturer map. A 152:1 planetary gear results in an axle rotation speed of 53rpm. The axle39。s rotational speed was then geared up with cm diameter wheels, giving the toy bus a speed of 10cm/s around the track.這個(gè)晶體管開(kāi)關(guān)模塊然后輸出電,從而調(diào)節(jié)其控制電機(jī)速度最高達(dá)到6 V和250毫安公共汽車去上山。 %和7700 rpm基于制造商地圖。一個(gè)152:1行星齒輪的結(jié)果在一個(gè)軸旋轉(zhuǎn)速度53 rpm。,讓玩具公共汽車的速度10 cm / s周圍的軌道。The BASIC stamp controller processed the measured rotational speed of the motor by counting the encoder pulses within 4ms. The controller then sent a high or low voltage signal to the transistor that in turn controlled the current to the motor. Aresistor was sized and used to match the high–low voltage from the BASIC stamp controller to the on–off voltage inputs to the transistor.Since the motor was, in effect, turning on and off very rapidly, some safeguards to protect both the motor and the electronics were necessary. Due to the motor39。s inherent inertia, when no voltage was being applied, the motor continued to spin, forcing current through the line. This could have easily shorted out the transistor if not accounted for. To protect against this, a flyback diode was placed in parallel with the motor as a safety valve. Also, to eliminate voltage spikes due to the transistor switching a small capacitor (100pF) was added in parallel.基本的標(biāo)識(shí)控制器處理測(cè)量轉(zhuǎn)速的電動(dòng)機(jī)通過(guò)計(jì)算脈沖編碼器在4控制器然后發(fā)送女士高或低電壓信號(hào)到晶體管,從而控制電機(jī)的電流。一個(gè)電阻是大小和用于匹配高低壓從基本的郵票的開(kāi)關(guān)電壓控制器的輸入晶體管。直接作用馬達(dá),事實(shí)上,打開(kāi)并關(guān)閉非常迅速,一些保障措施既可以保護(hù)電機(jī)和電子是必要的。由于電動(dòng)機(jī)的固有的慣性,當(dāng)沒(méi)有電壓被應(yīng)用,電機(jī)繼續(xù)旋轉(zhuǎn),迫使電流通過(guò)線路。這可能很容易短路的晶體管如果不占。來(lái)防止這一點(diǎn),一個(gè)回程二極管放置在平行與電動(dòng)機(jī)作為一個(gè)安全閥。同時(shí),消除電壓峰值由于晶體管開(kāi)關(guān)小電容器(100 pF)添加于并行。In summary, the toy FC bus had the following subsystems shown inFig. 3: metal hydride storage bottle, 3W fuel cell, DC/DC converter, BASIC stamp controller, transistorswitching module, 6V DC motor, digital encoder, planetary geartrain, wheels/chassis, steering, and track.總之,玩具FC總線有以下子系統(tǒng)顯示在圖3:金屬氫化物存儲(chǔ)瓶,3 W燃料電池,直流/直流轉(zhuǎn)換器,基本標(biāo)識(shí)控制器,晶體管開(kāi)關(guān)模塊、6 V直流電機(jī)、數(shù)字編碼器,行星輪/底盤、轉(zhuǎn)向,并跟蹤。. Hybrid FC+battery power. 混合FC 電池供電After frantic preparation and multiple inspections of the individual ponents the students connected all the parts except the H2supply. The toy bus and its track were taken to a space with adequate ventilation in case of a potential H2leak. The fully charged metal hydride tank was connected to the FC anode inlet and FC toy bus started spinning its wheels.經(jīng)過(guò)緊張的準(zhǔn)備和多個(gè)檢查單個(gè)組件連接的所有部分的學(xué)生除了H2供應(yīng)。玩具汽車和它的軌道被帶到一個(gè)空間有足夠通風(fēng)以防潛在H2泄漏。完全充電的金屬氫化物坦克被連接到FC陽(yáng)極入口和FC玩具公共汽車開(kāi)始旋轉(zhuǎn)的輪子。In its initial run, the toy bus ran through the flat part of the track but was unable to negotiate the 15% grade. Further investigation showed us that the FC voltage dropped to V at 1A current which prevented the FC toy bus from being pulled up the specified grade. In hindsight the low voltage (V per cell) was more realistic given other published data, so it was not possible to plain to the manufacturer except to ask for a FC with larger active area that would allow higher current at V per cell, or the integration of one more cell into the stack. Requesting a new FC stack was not, however, an option because a new FC volume and weight would require substantial redesign. 在其初始運(yùn)行,玩具公共汽車穿過(guò)平坦的部分跟蹤但無(wú)法協(xié)商15%品位。進(jìn)一步的調(diào)查顯示我們, V在1電流阻止了FC玩具公共汽車被停在了指定的等級(jí)。事后低電壓( V /細(xì)胞)是更現(xiàn)實(shí)的給其他發(fā)表的數(shù)據(jù),所以它不可能向制造商除了要求俱樂(lè)部更大有效面積, V /細(xì)胞,或集成的一個(gè)細(xì)胞到堆棧。請(qǐng)求一個(gè)新的FC堆棧沒(méi)有,然而,一個(gè)選擇,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)新的FC體積和重量需要大量的重新設(shè)計(jì)。Power augmentation with batteries was an obvious design option and offered an easy solution to the problem. Indeed, when three AA batteries were added in parallel to the output of the DC/DC converter, the FChybrid toy bus could climb the track slopes.