【正文】 Mechatronics in fuel cell systemsAnna G. Stefanopoulou KyungWon SuhMechanical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1231 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA燃料電池中機電一體化系統(tǒng)Anna G. Stefanopoulou KyungWon Suh美國MI48109安阿伯市比爾大街1231號密歇根大學機械工程系A(chǔ)bstractPower generation from fuel cells (FCs) requires the integration of chemical, fluid, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and electronic subsystems. This integration presents many challenges and opportunities in the mechatronics field. This paper highlights important design issues and poses problems that require mechatronics solutions. The paper begins by describing the process of designing a toy school bus powered by hydrogen for an undergraduate student project. The project was an effective and rewarding educational activity that revealed plex systems issues associated with FC technology.摘要燃料電池(FCs)的發(fā)電,需要整合化學、流體、機械、熱、電和電子子系統(tǒng)。這種綜合系統(tǒng)在機電一體化領(lǐng)域提出了許多挑戰(zhàn)和機遇。本文重點強調(diào)設(shè)計問題,提出了該問題需要用機電一體化方案來解決。本文首先描述了本科學生項目為一個玩具校車設(shè)計采用氫為燃料的燃料電池的流程。該項目是一個有效和有益的教育活動,揭示復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)與FC技術(shù)相關(guān)的問題。KeywordsFuel cell。Power。Multivariable。Feedback control。Mechatronics關(guān)鍵詞燃料電池。權(quán)力。多變量。反饋控制。機電一體化1. IntroductionThe fuel cell (FC) principle dates back to the early 1800s (Sch?nbein, 1839). Only recently, however, have FCs bee a promising alternative to internal bustion engines (ICEs) and thus are considered for transportation (automotive, marine and aerospace) applications and distributed power generation. FCs are very efficient because they rely on electrochemistry rather than bustion. Specifically, water, electrical energy, and heat are created through the bination of hydrogen and oxygen. The major breakthroughs that have recently brought FCs to the forefront include the development of low resistance membranes, highly diffusive electrodes, and reduced use of noble metal catalysts. Moreover, efficient power electronics and electric motors can now effectively utilize and distribute the electricity generated from the FC. All these advances have led to many experimental demonstrations. It is the application of mechatronics concepts, however, that will allow the FCs to move from laboratories to streets, powering automobiles, or to our basements, heating and cooling our houses.燃料電池(FC)原理可以追溯到1800年代初(Sch?nbein,1839)。直到最近,然而,已經(jīng)成為一個有望替代內(nèi)燃機,因此被認為在運輸(汽車、海洋和航空航天)應(yīng)用和分布式發(fā)電方面很有價值,因為他們依靠電化學而不是燃燒。具體來說,通過氫和氧的結(jié)合產(chǎn)生水、電能和熱。主要的突破在于最近FCs帶來的最前沿包括研發(fā)低電阻膜、高擴散電極,并減少使用貴金屬催化劑。此外,現(xiàn)在FC可以使動力電子設(shè)備和電動機有效利用和分配電能。這一切進展都使得許多實驗可以進行。它是應(yīng)用機電一體化的概念,然而,這將允許FCs從實驗室到街道電動汽車,或者我們的地下室,為我們的房子供熱制冷。Our ability to precisely control the reactant flow and pressure, stack temperature, and membrane humidity is critical for the efficiency and robustness of the FC stack system in real world conditions. These critical FC parameters need to be controlled for a wide range of operating conditions by a series of actuators such as relays, valves, pumps, pressor motors, expander vanes, fan motors, humidifiers and condensers. Precise control with low parasitic losses is the challenging goal of the FC auxiliary system. Moreover, estimation and real time diagnostics should be developed to augment the limited sensing capability in FCs. Finally, a snapshot into the FC industrial arena, namely, partnerships and joint ventures among automotive panies, ponent suppliers, and development laboratories indicates that there is a strong need for modular control architectures. FC vehicles, for example, have an FC stack controller, vehicle (. chassis, cooling) controllers, and an electric traction motor (TM) controller. Guidelines for the hierarchy and the coordination of all these controllers will allow their independent development and ensure a minimum level of integration.在實際情況下我們能夠利用FC堆棧系統(tǒng)精確地控制流動反應(yīng)物的和壓力,溫度,濕度和反應(yīng)穩(wěn)定性是至關(guān)重要的。關(guān)鍵的FC參數(shù)需要控制大量的操作條件和一系列執(zhí)行機構(gòu)如繼電器、閥門、泵、壓縮機、膨脹機葉片馬達,風扇電機,增濕器和冷凝器。精確的控制這些對于FC輔助系統(tǒng)是具有挑戰(zhàn)性。此外,在FCs估計和實時診斷必須增加有限的傳感能力。最后,一個簡單的FC應(yīng)用到工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,需要合伙企業(yè)和合資企業(yè)在汽車公司、零部件供應(yīng)商和實驗室發(fā)表說明,模塊化控制架構(gòu)。例如,FC車輛,有一個FC堆?？刂破?、車輛(如底盤、冷卻)控制器,電動牽引電動機(TM)控制器。指導(dǎo)層次結(jié)構(gòu)和協(xié)調(diào)所有這些控制器將允許他們獨立發(fā)展和確保最低級別的集成。The interactions among many thermal, chemical, electrical, and psychrometric subsystems require plicated models that are neither easy to pile nor simple to use in modelbased controllers. This paper presents various FC subsystems, their models, and their integration from a controls and mechatronics perspective. The paper starts with a containable FC design project that was undertaken within one semester by a team of undergraduate students. The FC design is described in detail to familiarize the reader with the FC dimensions and parameter values. Despite the simplicity of the design project, it presents a concrete case study where design and control iterations are needed. The sections that follow the design project provide a prehensive discussion of the FC system.需要許多熱、化學、電氣、濕度子系統(tǒng)間的相互作用的復(fù)雜模型,基于模型的控制器既不容易編譯也不容易使用。本文從一個學期的學生團隊在一個俱樂部進行可控制的設(shè)計項目開始,從控制和機電一體化視角介紹了各種FC子系統(tǒng),其模型,及其集成。FC設(shè)計是詳細描述以熟悉讀者與FC尺寸和參數(shù)值。盡管是簡單的設(shè)計項目,但它提出了設(shè)計和迭代控制的是一個具體的案例研究必要的。接下來的設(shè)計項目小節(jié)提供的全面討論FC系統(tǒng)。2. The FC toy school busA team1of four senior undergraduate students in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Michigan designed and built a toy hydrogen powered bus that runs at constant speed around a hilly route emitting only water. The road grades were modeled after a popular university bus route, which is currently served every 15min by buses powered with diesel fuel or natural gas. The semesterlong project allowed us to understand the mechatronics and design issues surrounding hydrogenpowered vehicles. The project and its pedagogical aspects stressed crossdisciplinary involvement and bined control and design concepts for the analysis and synthesis of technologies important to our environment.Fig. 1shows three of the team members on the day the project was exhibited to the public and the jurors.在密歇根大學一個由四個高級本科學生組成機械工程小組設(shè)計并制作了一個玩具氫動力汽車,在一個仿照普通的陡坡路上以恒定速度運行大學灑水車路線的,每15分鐘由柴油或天然氣提供公共汽車動力。這個學期的項目讓我們了解機電一體化和氫環(huán)境動力汽車的設(shè)計問題。這個項目和它的教學方面強調(diào)綜合分析跨學科聯(lián)系﹑聯(lián)合控制和設(shè)計理念的的技術(shù)我們的環(huán)境的重要。圖1是三個團隊成員的向公眾和陪審員展出當天項目。Fig.