【正文】 Mechatronics in fuel cell systemsAnna G. Stefanopoulou KyungWon SuhMechanical Engineering Department, University of Michigan, 1231 Beal Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA燃料電池中機(jī)電一體化系統(tǒng)Anna G. Stefanopoulou KyungWon Suh美國(guó)MI48109安阿伯市比爾大街1231號(hào)密歇根大學(xué)機(jī)械工程系A(chǔ)bstractPower generation from fuel cells (FCs) requires the integration of chemical, fluid, mechanical, thermal, electrical, and electronic subsystems. This integration presents many challenges and opportunities in the mechatronics field. This paper highlights important design issues and poses problems that require mechatronics solutions. The paper begins by describing the process of designing a toy school bus powered by hydrogen for an undergraduate student project. The project was an effective and rewarding educational activity that revealed plex systems issues associated with FC technology.摘要燃料電池(FCs)的發(fā)電,需要整合化學(xué)、流體、機(jī)械、熱、電和電子子系統(tǒng)。這種綜合系統(tǒng)在機(jī)電一體化領(lǐng)域提出了許多挑戰(zhàn)和機(jī)遇。本文重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題,提出了該問(wèn)題需要用機(jī)電一體化方案來(lái)解決。本文首先描述了本科學(xué)生項(xiàng)目為一個(gè)玩具校車設(shè)計(jì)采用氫為燃料的燃料電池的流程。該項(xiàng)目是一個(gè)有效和有益的教育活動(dòng),揭示復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)與FC技術(shù)相關(guān)的問(wèn)題。KeywordsFuel cell。Power。Multivariable。Feedback control。Mechatronics關(guān)鍵詞燃料電池。權(quán)力。多變量。反饋控制。機(jī)電一體化1. IntroductionThe fuel cell (FC) principle dates back to the early 1800s (Sch?nbein, 1839). Only recently, however, have FCs bee a promising alternative to internal bustion engines (ICEs) and thus are considered for transportation (automotive, marine and aerospace) applications and distributed power generation. FCs are very efficient because they rely on electrochemistry rather than bustion. Specifically, water, electrical energy, and heat are created through the bination of hydrogen and oxygen. The major breakthroughs that have recently brought FCs to the forefront include the development of low resistance membranes, highly diffusive electrodes, and reduced use of noble metal catalysts. Moreover, efficient power electronics and electric motors can now effectively utilize and distribute the electricity generated from the FC. All these advances have led to many experimental demonstrations. It is the application of mechatronics concepts, however, that will allow the FCs to move from laboratories to streets, powering automobiles, or to our basements, heating and cooling our houses.燃料電池(FC)原理可以追溯到1800年代初(Sch?nbein,1839)。直到最近,然而,已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)有望替代內(nèi)燃機(jī),因此被認(rèn)為在運(yùn)輸(汽車、海洋和航空航天)應(yīng)用和分布式發(fā)電方面很有價(jià)值,因?yàn)樗麄円揽侩娀瘜W(xué)而不是燃燒。具體來(lái)說(shuō),通過(guò)氫和氧的結(jié)合產(chǎn)生水、電能和熱。主要的突破在于最近FCs帶來(lái)的最前沿包括研發(fā)低電阻膜、高擴(kuò)散電極,并減少使用貴金屬催化劑。此外,現(xiàn)在FC可以使動(dòng)力電子設(shè)備和電動(dòng)機(jī)有效利用和分配電能。這一切進(jìn)展都使得許多實(shí)驗(yàn)可以進(jìn)行。它是應(yīng)用機(jī)電一體化的概念,然而,這將允許FCs從實(shí)驗(yàn)室到街道電動(dòng)汽車,或者我們的地下室,為我們的房子供熱制冷。Our ability to precisely control the reactant flow and pressure, stack temperature, and membrane humidity is critical for the efficiency and robustness of the FC stack system in real world conditions. These critical FC parameters need to be controlled for a wide range of operating conditions by a series of actuators such as relays, valves, pumps, pressor motors, expander vanes, fan motors, humidifiers and condensers. Precise control with low parasitic losses is the challenging goal of the FC auxiliary system. Moreover, estimation and real time diagnostics should be developed to augment the limited sensing capability in FCs. Finally, a snapshot into the FC industrial arena, namely, partnerships and joint ventures among automotive panies, ponent suppliers, and development laboratories indicates that there is a strong need for modular control architectures. FC vehicles, for example, have an FC stack controller, vehicle (. chassis, cooling) controllers, and an electric traction motor (TM) controller. Guidelines for the hierarchy and the coordination of all these controllers will allow their independent development and ensure a minimum level of integration.在實(shí)際情況下我們能夠利用FC堆棧系統(tǒng)精確地控制流動(dòng)反應(yīng)物的和壓力,溫度,濕度和反應(yīng)穩(wěn)定性是至關(guān)重要的。關(guān)鍵的FC參數(shù)需要控制大量的操作條件和一系列執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)如繼電器、閥門、泵、壓縮機(jī)、膨脹機(jī)葉片馬達(dá),風(fēng)扇電機(jī),增濕器和冷凝器。精確的控制這些對(duì)于FC輔助系統(tǒng)是具有挑戰(zhàn)性。此外,在FCs估計(jì)和實(shí)時(shí)診斷必須增加有限的傳感能力。最后,一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的FC應(yīng)用到工業(yè)領(lǐng)域,需要合伙企業(yè)和合資企業(yè)在汽車公司、零部件供應(yīng)商和實(shí)驗(yàn)室發(fā)表說(shuō)明,模塊化控制架構(gòu)。例如,FC車輛,有一個(gè)FC堆棧控制器、車輛(如底盤(pán)、冷卻)控制器,電動(dòng)牽引電動(dòng)機(jī)(TM)控制器。指導(dǎo)層次結(jié)構(gòu)和協(xié)調(diào)所有這些控制器將允許他們獨(dú)立發(fā)展和確保最低級(jí)別的集成。The interactions among many thermal, chemical, electrical, and psychrometric subsystems require plicated models that are neither easy to pile nor simple to use in modelbased controllers. This paper presents various FC subsystems, their models, and their integration from a controls and mechatronics perspective. The paper starts with a containable FC design project that was undertaken within one semester by a team of undergraduate students. The FC design is described in detail to familiarize the reader with the FC dimensions and parameter values. Despite the simplicity of the design project, it presents a concrete case study where design and control iterations are needed. The sections that follow the design project provide a prehensive discussion of the FC system.需要許多熱、化學(xué)、電氣、濕度子系統(tǒng)間的相互作用的復(fù)雜模型,基于模型的控制器既不容易編譯也不容易使用。本文從一個(gè)學(xué)期的學(xué)生團(tuán)隊(duì)在一個(gè)俱樂(lè)部進(jìn)行可控制的設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目開(kāi)始,從控制和機(jī)電一體化視角介紹了各種FC子系統(tǒng),其模型,及其集成。FC設(shè)計(jì)是詳細(xì)描述以熟悉讀者與FC尺寸和參數(shù)值。盡管是簡(jiǎn)單的設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目,但它提出了設(shè)計(jì)和迭代控制的是一個(gè)具體的案例研究必要的。接下來(lái)的設(shè)計(jì)項(xiàng)目小節(jié)提供的全面討論FC系統(tǒng)。2. The FC toy school busA team1of four senior undergraduate students in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Michigan designed and built a toy hydrogen powered bus that runs at constant speed around a hilly route emitting only water. The road grades were modeled after a popular university bus route, which is currently served every 15min by buses powered with diesel fuel or natural gas. The semesterlong project allowed us to understand the mechatronics and design issues surrounding hydrogenpowered vehicles. The project and its pedagogical aspects stressed crossdisciplinary involvement and bined control and design concepts for the analysis and synthesis of technologies important to our environment.Fig. 1shows three of the team members on the day the project was exhibited to the public and the jurors.在密歇根大學(xué)一個(gè)由四個(gè)高級(jí)本科學(xué)生組成機(jī)械工程小組設(shè)計(jì)并制作了一個(gè)玩具氫動(dòng)力汽車,在一個(gè)仿照普通的陡坡路上以恒定速度運(yùn)行大學(xué)灑水車路線的,每15分鐘由柴油或天然氣提供公共汽車動(dòng)力。這個(gè)學(xué)期的項(xiàng)目讓我們了解機(jī)電一體化和氫環(huán)境動(dòng)力汽車的設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目和它的教學(xué)方面強(qiáng)調(diào)綜合分析跨學(xué)科聯(lián)系﹑聯(lián)合控制和設(shè)計(jì)理念的的技術(shù)我們的環(huán)境的重要。圖1是三個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)成員的向公眾和陪審員展出當(dāng)天項(xiàng)目。Fig.