【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 can purchase more units of anothercountry’s currency.Currency depreciation When onecountry’s currency bees weakerand can purchase fewer units of anothercountry’s currency.Currency risk management A pany’smanagement of its transaction,ment and, consequently, disappear ifthe segment is eliminated.Direct labor Labor that is traceableto the goods or services being produced.Direct labor budget A budget showingthe total direct labor hoursneeded and the associated cost for thenumber of units in the productionbudget.Direct materials Materials that aretraceable to the goods or services beingproduced.Direct materials budget A budget thatoutlines the expected usage of materialsproduction and purchases of thedirect materials required.Direct method A method that allocatesservice costs directly toproducing departments. This methodignores any interactions that may existamong support departments.Direct tracing The process of identifyingcosts that are specifically orphysically associated with a cost object.Discount factor The factor used toconvert a future cash flow to its presentvalue.Discount rate The rate of return usedto pute the present value of futurecash flows.Discounted cash flows Future cashflows expressed in presentvalue terms.Discounting The act of finding thepresent value of future cash flows.Discounting models Capital investmentmodels that explicitly considerthe time value of money in identifyingcriteria for accepting or rejectingproposed projects.Discretionary fixed expenses Expensesincurred for the acquisition of shorttermcapacity or services, usually asthe result of yearly planning.Doubleloop feedback Informationabout both the effectiveness of strategyimplementation and the validity of assumptionsunderlying the strategy.Driver analysis The effort expendedto identify those factors that are theroot causes of activity costs.economic, and translation exposuredue to exchange rate fluctuations.Currently attainable standards Standardsthat reflect an efficientoperating state。 they are rigorous butachievable.Customer perspective A balancedscorecard viewpoint that defines thecustomer and market segments inwhich the business will pete.Customer value Realization less sacrifice,where realization is what thecustomer receives and sacrifice iswhat is given up.Cycle time The length of time requiredto produce one unit of aproduct.DDecentralization The granting ofdecisionmaking freedom to loweroperating levels.Decentralized decision making A systemin which decisions are made andimplemented by lowerlevel managers.Decision making The process of choosingamong peting alternatives.Decision model A specific set of proceduresthat, when followed,produces a decision.Decision package A description ofservice levels, with associated costs,that a decision unit can or would liketo offer.Defective product A product or servicethat does not conform tospecifications.Degree of operating leverage (DOL)A measure of the sensitivity of profitchanges to changes in sales volume. Itmeasures the percentage change inprofits resulting from a percentagechange in sales.Dependent variable A variable whosevalue depends on the value of anothervariable. For example, Y in thecost formula Y _ F _ VX dependson the value of X.Direct costs Costs that can be easilyand accurately traced to a cost object.Direct fixed expenses Fixed costs thatare directly traceable to a given seg? 851 1/22/04 2:27 PM Page 851Driver tracing The use of drivers toassign costs to cost objects.Drivers Factors that cause changes inresource usage, activity usage, costs,and revenues.DrumBufferRope (DBR) System TheTOC inventory management systemthat relies on the drum beat of themajor constrained resources, timebuffers, and ropes to determine inventorylevels.Dumping Predatory pricing in the internationalmarket.Durability The length of time a productfunctions.Dysfunctional behavior Individual behaviorthat conflicts with the goals ofthe organization.EEcoefficiency A view of environmentalmanagement maintaining thatorganizations can produce more usefulgoods and services whilesimultaneously reducing negative environmentalimpacts, resourceconsumption, and costs.Economic order quantity (EOQ) Theamount that should be ordered (orproduced) to minimize the total ordering(or setup) and carrying costs.Economic risk The possibility that afirm’s present value of future cashflows can be affected by exchangefluctuations.Economic value added (EVA) A performancemeasure that is calculatedby taking the aftertax operatingprofit minus the total annual cost ofcapital.Electronic business Any businesstransaction or information exchangethat is executed using informationand munication technology.Electronic merce (emerce)Buying and selling products using informationand municationtechnology.Electronic data interchange (EDI) Aninventory management method thatallows suppliers access to a buyer’sonline database.External failure costs Costs incurredbecause products fail to conform torequirements after being sold to outsideparties.External linkages The relationship ofa firm’s activities within its segmentof the value chain with those activitiesof its suppliers and customers.External measures Measures that relateto customer and shareholderobjectives.FFacilitylevel activities Activities thatsustain a facility’s general manufacturingprocess.Failure activities Activities performedby an organization or its customers inresponse to poor quality (poor qualitydoes exist).Failure costs The costs incurred by anorganization because failure activitiesare performed.Favorable (F) variances Variancesproduced whenever the actualamounts are less than t