【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 nance major capital spending, and they, too, go to the stock exchange. There is hardly a man or woman in the country whose job or whose standard of living dos not depend on the ability of his or her employer to raise money to finance new development. In one way or another this new money must e from the savings of the country. the stock exchange exists to provide a channel through which these savings can reach those who need money. 70. Companies must ____ for money for longterm development. A) go to banks B) ask other organizations C) turn to the public D) go to acquaintances 71. The stock exchange manages _____ A) pany business. B) pany shares. C) pany projects. D) pany profits. 72. Which of the following statements is NOT correct? A) The authorities provide many necessary services. B) Hospital, railways etc. are essential to a country. C) The Government need to borrow from the stock exchange. D) Taxes can raise all the money needed for improvement. 73. The main idea of the passage is about _____ A) functions of the stock exchange. B) pany financial needs. C) roles of the stockbroker. D) essential public services. TEXT C It is generally agreed that the first true cities appeared about 5 000 years ago in the foodproducing munities of the Middle East. The cities of Sumeria, Egypt and the Indus Valley possessed a number of characteristics which distinguished them a truly urban. The cities were very much larger and more densely populated than any previous settlement, and their function was clearly differentiated from that of the surrounding villages. In the cities the old patterns of kinship relations were replaced by a plex hierarchy of social classes based on the specialization of labor. Moreover, the need to keep records led to the development of writing and arithmetic, and the increased sophistication of urban society gave a new impetus to artistic expression of every kind. When the basis of city life was established in Europe the urban tradition was drawn from the ancient cities of the middle East, via the civilizations of Greece and Rome, we can trace three main phases in the growth of the West European city. The first of these is the medieval phase, which extends from the beginning of the 11th century A. D to about 1 500. The second is the renaissance and Baroque phase. which can be traced from about 1 500 to the beginning of the 19th century. The third is the modern phase, extending from the early 19th century to the present day. Every medieval city began as a small settlement which grew up round a geographical or cultural focal point. This would often be a permanent structure such as a stronghold, a cathedral or a large church. In districts where travel and trade were well established, it might be a market, a river crossing, or a place where two or more trade routes met. In studies of urban geography other oldest part of a town is referred to as the nuclear settlement. there are many small towns in Europe where it is still possible to trace the outline of the original nuclear settlement. It is, of course, much more difficult to do this in the case if a large modern city which has grown to may times its original size. 74. The ancient cities were characterized by all the following EXCEPT _____ A) larger populations. B) different locations. C) different roles. D) different social classes. 75. Which of the following statements is CORRECT? A) West European cities established their own urban tradition. B) West European cities grew directly out of those in the Middle East. C) Cities appeared earlier in the Middle east than in Greece and Rome. D) West European and Middle east cities went through the same phases. 76. Which of the following could be regarded as a geographical focal point? A) A town hall. B) A vegetable garden. C) A local cafeteria. D) An open market. TEXT D In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the . Costs are going up rapidly both for the taxpayers and the litigants and the litigants, or parties in a lawsuit, have to wait sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been put forward concerning methods of improving the situating, but as in most branches of the Government, changes e slowly. One suggestion that has been made in order to maximize the efficiency of the system is to allow districts that have too many waiting cases tomorrow judges from other districts. Another suggestion is to use pretrial conferences in which the judge meets with the litigants and their lawyers in order to narrow the issues, limit the witnesses, and provide for a more orderly trial. The theory behind pretrial conferences is that judges will spend less time on each case and parties will more readily settle before trial when they realize the adequacy of their claims and their opponents evidence. Many states have now established another method, smallclaims courts. The proceedings cost the litigants almost nothing. In California, for example, the parties must appear before the judge without the assistance of lawyers. The proceedings