【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 3）項(xiàng)目技術(shù)路線控制 4）項(xiàng)目進(jìn)度管理 5）項(xiàng)目質(zhì)量管理 6）人、物、資金管理 7）項(xiàng)目最終收尾和評價(jià)3項(xiàng)目申請書的主要內(nèi)容包括哪些方面？ ① 立項(xiàng)依據(jù)：項(xiàng)目建設(shè)意義，國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展趨勢；② 需求分析和可行性研究：可行性研究是管理決策的主要依據(jù)；③ 項(xiàng)目實(shí)施方案：項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的目標(biāo)、內(nèi)容、擬解決關(guān)鍵問題、研究方法和技術(shù)路線；④ 項(xiàng)目組織形式：人員組成、職稱比例、技術(shù)力量等；⑤ 研究進(jìn)度：時(shí)間安排、任務(wù)進(jìn)度、階段成果；⑥ 基本條件：軟硬件條件、資源條件、工作積累、外部條件；⑦ 經(jīng)費(fèi)預(yù)算：業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)、材料費(fèi)、設(shè)備費(fèi)、協(xié)作費(fèi)、管理費(fèi)等；⑧ 效益評價(jià)：經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會效益。GIS軟件測試有幾種方法？試比較這幾種方法。GIS軟件測試方法：① 文檔審查② 模擬運(yùn)行測試③ 模擬開發(fā)測試4試述GIS軟件測試的主要內(nèi)容。 1）系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行環(huán)境2）軟硬件體系支撐結(jié)構(gòu)3）系統(tǒng)各項(xiàng)功能指標(biāo)4）系統(tǒng)綜合性能指標(biāo)4基于電子政務(wù)基礎(chǔ)平臺進(jìn)行電子政務(wù)系統(tǒng)開發(fā)的技術(shù)方案有何優(yōu)點(diǎn)？ 252。（1）對整個(gè)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)一的規(guī)劃和設(shè)計(jì)，在此基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行各業(yè)務(wù)管理系統(tǒng)和數(shù)據(jù)庫的建設(shè)工作，實(shí)現(xiàn)多業(yè)務(wù)的綜合網(wǎng)絡(luò)化運(yùn)行。252。（2）整個(gè)國土資源電子政務(wù)系統(tǒng)的表現(xiàn)形式采用B/S多層架構(gòu)方式，這樣在客戶端就不用維護(hù)；252。（3）只需要一個(gè)系統(tǒng)就能完成國土資源電子政務(wù)的內(nèi)容，真正地實(shí)現(xiàn)了一站式服務(wù)；252。（4）能夠很好的支持業(yè)務(wù)流程的擴(kuò)充性，即當(dāng)增加一個(gè)業(yè)務(wù)流程，只需要相應(yīng)的增加這個(gè)流程的模板，就能完成這個(gè)流程的任務(wù)4電子政務(wù)系統(tǒng)主要特點(diǎn)有哪些？（1）網(wǎng)上信息發(fā)布n（2）部門內(nèi)部辦公自動(dòng)化n（3）實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)上交互式辦公n（4）各部門資源共享、協(xié)同工作4我國的國土資源信息化建設(shè)經(jīng)歷哪幾個(gè)發(fā)展階段？各有何特點(diǎn)？① 數(shù)字制圖與科學(xué)計(jì)算階段主要是從20世紀(jì)80年代中期到90年代初，屬于國土資源管理與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的初步結(jié)合時(shí)期，是國土資源信息化發(fā)展歷程的起步階段。目前廣泛使用的土地利用規(guī)劃圖和土地利用現(xiàn)狀圖可以說是國土資源信息化發(fā)展中在數(shù)字制圖方面的典型應(yīng)用實(shí)例② 數(shù)據(jù)庫與單一系統(tǒng)建設(shè)階段開始于20世紀(jì)90年代，屬于國土資源信息化的發(fā)展期。根據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)工作的要求，設(shè)計(jì)并實(shí)現(xiàn)了與土地管理有關(guān)的信息收集、管理、處理的計(jì)算機(jī)綜合應(yīng)用軟件系統(tǒng)。③ 數(shù)據(jù)中心與電子政務(wù)階段這一階段屬于國土資源信息化的形成期，基本上形成了國土資源政務(wù)管理的計(jì)算機(jī)化、網(wǎng)絡(luò)化、集成化的思想。這一階段主要目的是有效的服務(wù)大眾。4試述GIS工程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定的基本步驟。（1）建議——擬訂初步的建議方案；（2）開發(fā)——制定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的具體內(nèi)容；（3）咨詢——征求并吸取有關(guān)人員的意見；（4）審批——由管理部門決定能否推出；（5）公布——公布發(fā)布，使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)生效；（6）培訓(xùn)——為推行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)準(zhǔn)備人員條件；（7）實(shí)施——投入使用，需經(jīng)歷相當(dāng)期限；（8）審核——檢驗(yàn)實(shí)施效果，決定修改還是撤消；（9）修訂——修改其中不適當(dāng)?shù)牟糠郑纬蓸?biāo)準(zhǔn)的新版本，進(jìn)入新的周期。4簡述軟件文檔的作用？ （1）提高軟件開發(fā)過程的能見度。把開發(fā)過程中發(fā)生的事件以某種可閱讀的形式記錄在文檔中。管理人員可把這些記載下來的材料作為檢查軟件開發(fā)進(jìn)度和開發(fā)質(zhì)量的依據(jù)，實(shí)現(xiàn)對軟件開發(fā)的工程管理。（2）作為開發(fā)人員在一定階段的工作成果和結(jié)束標(biāo)志。（3）提高開發(fā)效率。軟件文檔的編制，使得開發(fā)人員對各個(gè)階段的工作都進(jìn)行周密思考、全盤權(quán)衡、從而減少返工。并且可在開發(fā)早期發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤和不一致性，便于及時(shí)加以糾正。（4）記錄開發(fā)過程中的有關(guān)信息，便于協(xié)調(diào)以后的軟件、開發(fā)、使用和維護(hù)。（5）提供對軟件的運(yùn)行、維護(hù)和培訓(xùn)的有關(guān)信息，便于管理人員、開發(fā)人員、操作人員、用戶之間的協(xié)作、交流和了解。使軟件開發(fā)活動(dòng)更科學(xué)、更有成效。（6）便于潛在用戶了解軟件的功能、性能等各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)，為其選購符合自己需要的軟件提供依據(jù)。4高質(zhì)量的文檔體現(xiàn)在哪幾個(gè)方面？ 1）針對性：文檔編制以前應(yīng)分清讀者對象。按不同類型、不同層次的讀者，決定怎樣適應(yīng)他們的需要。2）精確性：文檔的行文應(yīng)當(dāng)十分確切，不能出現(xiàn)多義性的描述。同一課題幾個(gè)文檔的內(nèi)容應(yīng)當(dāng)是協(xié)調(diào)一致，沒有矛盾的。3）清晰性：文檔編寫應(yīng)力求簡明，如有可能，配以適當(dāng)?shù)膱D表，以增強(qiáng)其清晰性。文檔主要是面向用戶的，這兩類文檔不應(yīng)像開發(fā)文檔（面向開發(fā)人員）那樣過多使用軟件的專用術(shù)語。4）完整性：任何一個(gè)文檔都應(yīng)當(dāng)是完整的、獨(dú)立的，它應(yīng)自成體系。5）靈活性；各個(gè)不同軟件項(xiàng)目，其規(guī)模和復(fù)雜程度有著許多實(shí)際差別，能一律看待。6）可追溯性：由于各開發(fā)階段編制的文檔與各個(gè)階段完成的工作有密切的關(guān)系，前后兩個(gè)階段生成的文檔，隨著開發(fā)工作的逐步延伸，具有一定的繼承關(guān)系，在一個(gè)項(xiàng)目各開發(fā)階段之間提供的文檔必定存在著可追溯的關(guān)系。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of prehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen innerparty supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the code adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard。 rule around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line . Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process。 the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party。 the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems。 the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. code and Regulations revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines and Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation。 follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party39。s leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the code and rule , reflects the party39。s 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party39。s eighteen years prehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of the ICAC guidelines in in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too plicated, eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice。 the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements。 the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat。 the fourth is to clean the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of countylevel leading cadres above. rule is in 1997 Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the prehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition。 two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for viola