【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ry traces the theater39。s origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds. 戲劇的起源 關(guān)于古希臘戲劇的起源存在著多種理論，其中一個(gè)最普遍為人接受的理論 假設(shè)認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來。 這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)是這樣進(jìn)行論證的：一開始，人類把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季節(jié)的變化都看成是不可預(yù)料的。 他們?cè)噲D通過各種方式去控制這些未知的、 令人恐懼的力量。 那些似乎帶來了滿意結(jié)果的手段就被保留下來并且重復(fù)直到這些手段固 化為不變的儀式，最后產(chǎn)生了能夠解釋或者掩蓋這些儀式神秘性的故事。 隨著時(shí)間的推移， 一些儀式被廢棄了，但這些后來被稱作神話的故事流傳下來并且為 藝術(shù)和戲劇提供了素材。 認(rèn)為戲劇從儀式演化而來的人們還認(rèn)為那些儀式包含了戲劇的基本因素，因?yàn)橐魳?、舞蹈? 面具和服裝幾乎經(jīng)常被使用，而且，必須為演出提供一個(gè)合適的地點(diǎn)；如果不是整個(gè)社區(qū)共 同參加演出，經(jīng)常在 演出區(qū) 和 觀眾席 之間劃分出明顯的分界。 另外，儀式中還有演員， 而且宗教領(lǐng)袖通常承擔(dān)演出任務(wù)，因?yàn)樵趦x式的執(zhí)行中避免錯(cuò)誤的發(fā)生被認(rèn)為有相當(dāng)大的重 要性；他們經(jīng)常帶著面具，穿著服裝象演員那樣扮演其它人、動(dòng)物或超自然的生靈，用動(dòng)作來表演以達(dá)到所需要的效果，比如打獵的成功或戰(zhàn)斗的勝利、將至的雨、太 陽(yáng)的復(fù)活。 最 后 大家學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng) 更多精品在大家！ 大家網(wǎng)，大家的！ 這些戲劇性的表演從宗教活動(dòng)中分離了出來。 另一個(gè)追溯戲劇起源的理論認(rèn)為它來自人 們對(duì)敘述故事的興趣。 根據(jù)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，故事 (關(guān)于狩獵、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或者其它偉績(jī) )是逐漸豐富起 來的。 首先通過一個(gè)講解人來運(yùn)用模仿、表演和對(duì)話，然后再由不同的人扮演各自的角色；另一個(gè)與之緊密相關(guān)的理論將戲劇的起源追溯至舞蹈，這些舞蹈大體上是有節(jié)奏感的和體操 式的那一類，或者是對(duì)動(dòng)物動(dòng)作和聲音的模仿 。 06 Television Television the most pervasive and persuasive of modern technologies, marked by rapid change and growth is moving into a new era, an era of extraordinary sophistication and versatility, which promises to reshape our lives and our world. It is an electronic revolution of sorts, made possible by the marriage of television and puter technologies. The word television, derived from its Greek (tele: distant) and Latin (visio: sight) roots, can literally be interpreted as sight from a distance. Very simply put, it works in this way: through a sophisticated system of electronics, television provides the capability of converting an image(focused on a special photoconductive plate within a camera) into electronic impulses, which can be sent through a wire or cable. These impulses, when fed into a receiver (television set), can then be electronically reconstituted into that same image. Television is more than just an electronic system, however. It is a means of expression, as well as a vehicle for munication, and as such bees a powerful tool for reaching other human field of television can be divided into two categories determined by its means of transmission. First, there is broadcast television, which reaches the masses through broadbased airwave transmission of television signals. Second, there is nonbroadcast television, which provides for the needs of individuals or specific interest groups through controlled transmission y, television has been a medium of the masses. We are most familiar with bradcast television because it has been with us for about thirtyseven years in a form similar to what exists today. During those years, it has been controlled, for the most part, by the broadcast works, ABC, NBC, and CBS, who have been the major purveyors of news, information, and entertainment. These giants of broadcasting have actually shaped not only television but our perception of it as well. We have e to look upon the picture tube as a source of entertainment, placing our role in this dynamic medium as the passive viewer. 電視 電視 以快速變化與發(fā)展為標(biāo)志的最普遍、最具有影響力的一項(xiàng)現(xiàn)代技術(shù)，正在步 入一個(gè)極端復(fù)雜化與多樣化的新時(shí)代。 這個(gè)時(shí)代承諾重新塑造我們的生活和我們的世界。 這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關(guān)鍵在于電視技術(shù)與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的結(jié)合。 電視 這個(gè)詞 來源于希臘語(yǔ)詞根 (tele：遠(yuǎn) )和拉丁語(yǔ)詞根 (vision：景象 )，可以從字面上理解為來自遠(yuǎn)處的 景象。 簡(jiǎn)單說來，電視是以這種方式工作的，通過一個(gè)復(fù)雜的電子系統(tǒng)，電視能夠?qū)⒁环? 大家學(xué)習(xí)網(wǎng) 更多精品在大家！ 大家網(wǎng)，大家的！ 圖像 (這幅圖像被聚焦在一部攝像機(jī)內(nèi)的一塊特殊的光導(dǎo)底片上 )轉(zhuǎn)換成能經(jīng)過導(dǎo)線或電纜 發(fā)送出去的電子脈沖信號(hào) 當(dāng)這些電子脈沖信號(hào)被輸入一部接收機(jī) (電視機(jī) )時(shí)，就可以用 電子學(xué)的方法把脈沖信號(hào)重新恢復(fù)成同一幅圖像。但是，電視不僅僅是一個(gè)電子系統(tǒng)，它還 是一種表達(dá)工具和傳播渠道。 因此，電視成了一個(gè)對(duì)其他人發(fā)生影響的強(qiáng)大工具。電視這 個(gè)領(lǐng)域可以根據(jù)其發(fā)射方式分為兩類。 第一類為廣播電視，通過電視信號(hào)的寬帶無線電波 發(fā)射展現(xiàn)在大眾 面前；第二類為非廣播電視，使用受控的發(fā)射技術(shù)來滿足個(gè)人以及某些特殊 利益群體的需要。電視早已成為大眾媒介。 我們熟悉廣播電視，因?yàn)閺V播電視已經(jīng)以類似 目前的方式存在了大約 37 年。 在那些年頭中，電視絕大部分一直由 ABC、 NBC、 CBS 這 些廣播電視公司控制著，這些廣播電視公司一直是新聞、信息和娛樂的主要提供者。 這些 廣播業(yè)的巨頭實(shí)際上不僅塑造了電視，而且也塑造了我們對(duì)電視的理解。 我們漸漸把顯像 管看作是娛樂的來源，讓自己成為這個(gè)生動(dòng)的媒介的被動(dòng)觀眾。 07 Andrew Carnegie Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and, in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his petitors were reducing their investments. Carnegie believed that individuals should progress through hard work, but he also felt strongly that the wealthy should use their fortunes for the benefit of society. He opposed charity, preferring instead to provide educational opportunities that would allow others to help themselves. He who dies rich, dies disgraced, he often said Among his more noteworthy contributions to society are those that bear his name, includingthe Carnegie Institute of Pittsburgh, which has a library, a museum of fine arts, and a museum of national history. He also founded a school of technology that is now part of CarnegieMellon University. Other philanthropic gifts are the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace to promote understanding between nations, the Carnegie Institute of Washington to fund scientific research, and Carnegie Hall to provide a center for the arts. Few Americans have been left untouched by Andrew Carnegie39。s generosity. His contributions of more than five million dollars established 2,500 libraries in small munities throughout the country and formed the nucleus of the public library system that we all enjoy today. 安德魯 ?卡內(nèi)基 被稱作鋼鐵大王的安德魯 ?卡內(nèi)基在美國(guó)建立了鋼鐵工業(yè)。 在這個(gè)過 程中，他變成了美國(guó)最富有的