【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 limperceptiblechangewiththescarletletterundergoesinmeaning.Atfirstitisatokenofshame,“Adultery”butthenthegenuinesympathyandhelpHesterofferedtoherfellowvillagers’changesitto“Able”.Laterinthestory,theletterAappearsinthesky,signifying“Angel”.ThereisreasontoagreewiththecriticalobservationthatAmayrepresentAdamic,orprehistoric,anarchetypalvicesuggestiveof“originalsin,”Dimmesdale,ontheotherhand,banisheshimselfformsociety.Deeplypreoccupiedwithhimself,helivesastrangeramonghisadmirers.Theresultisthat,whereasHesterisabletoreconstructherlifeandwinamoralvictory,Dimmesdaleundergoesthetragicexperienceofphysicalandspiritualdisintegration.BetweenhimandHestertheypointtoamoralasHawthornemayintendthemtodo,thatthebestpolicyformanistobetrue,honest,andeverreadytoshowone’sworsttotheoutsideworld.★HermanMelville①“MobyDick”《白鯨》，atremendouschronicleofwhalingvoyageinpursuitofaseeminglysupernaturalwhite②Thebookissteepedinsymbolism.本書達(dá)到了象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。③主人公：Ishmael，取自圣經(jīng)。④在書中說(shuō)：towriteamightybookyoumusthaveamightytheme.寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個(gè)宏大的主題。⑤故事人物：Captain；Queequeg，捕鯨人奎因奎格，wasafriendlyperson；⑥therebelliousstruggleofCaptainAhabagainsttheoverwhelming,mysteriousvastnessoftheuniverseanditsawesome,sometimesmercilessforces.Thefittingsymbolforhisthemewasthe“glidinggreatdemonoftheseasoflife.”阿哈比艦長(zhǎng)和各種危險(xiǎn)之間的激烈斗爭(zhēng)，他同那些強(qiáng)大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭(zhēng)，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時(shí)還冷酷無(wú)情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔”。⑦“MobyDick”：oneofthemajorthemesinMelvilleisalienation,whichhesensedexistinginthelifeofhistimeondifferentlevels,betweenmanandman,manandsociety,andmanandnature.CaptainAhabseemstobethebestillustrationofitall.Thevoyageitselfisametaphorfor“searchanddiscovery,thesearchfortheultimatetruthofexperience.”HehadAhabtopmostinhismind.InasenseAhabembodiesalloftheevilheonceconsignedtoMobyDick.HenryWadsworthLongfellowpoet詩(shī)人①itwouldbehard,also,tooverestimatetheimportanceofhisanthology“ThePoetsandPoetryofEurope”.Hisownpoetrybecameameansofteachingreadersofhisdaysomethingofthepossiblerangeofpoeticsubjectmatterandtechniques,ancient,medieval,andmodern.《歐洲詩(shī)人及詩(shī)》不能把這部作品估計(jì)過(guò)高。他自己的詩(shī)歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料，在書中他講述了詩(shī)的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩(shī)歌，他都一一作了闡述。②殊榮：hebecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet’scornerofWestminster，他也是美國(guó)惟一獲此殊榮的詩(shī)人。③Thegentleness,sweetness,andpurityforhispoetrywaspopularduringhislifetime.他的詩(shī)歌因高雅宜人、純正有韻味而大受歡迎。④hewasconsistentlyhighmindedbutconventional,anduntouchedbythereligiousandsocialstrugglesthatdisturbedhiscontemporaries.他接受正統(tǒng)的思想，但并不保守。他的思想沒(méi)有受到當(dāng)時(shí)社會(huì)、宗教和各種政治斗爭(zhēng)的影響。⑤特點(diǎn)：exercisedagreatinfluenceinbringingEuropeanculturetothe.,andlikewisedidmuchtopopularizeAmericanfolkthemesabroadwherehisworkwasimmenselypopularandwidely，也把美國(guó)民間文化傳播到國(guó)外，他的作品還被翻譯成多種文字，在海外受到高度評(píng)美國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)4（Realism）(2009011719:44:25)一、Background1）Mechanization機(jī)器化2）Urbanization城市化3）Industrialization工業(yè)化4）Federalgovernment(race種族平等進(jìn)入憲法）標(biāo)志著馬克吐溫的《鍍金時(shí)代》開始5）Railwaysystem工業(yè)化的一大標(biāo)志，電力和石油的應(yīng)用二、文化特征：1）女性發(fā)揮作用明顯，女性的作者和讀者明顯增多2）開始關(guān)注Midclass3）現(xiàn)實(shí)主義（realism）NewYorkreplacedBostonasthenation39。sliterarycenter.紐約成為新的文化中心。一、時(shí)期綜述：鍍金時(shí)代：TheGildedAge,anageofexcessandextremes,ofdeclineandprogress,ofpovertyanddazzlingwealth,ofgloomandbuoyanthope.無(wú)節(jié)制、走極端，倒退和進(jìn)步、貧困和富有并存，既令人沮喪又讓人有希望的時(shí)代。AlthoughAmericanscontinuedtoreadtheworksofIrving,Cooper,Hawthorne,andPoe,thegreatageofAmericanromanticismhadended.Bythe1870stheNewEnglandRenaissancehadwaned.新英格蘭的文藝復(fù)興已開始接近尾聲?，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義作家的人物刻畫方法：19世紀(jì)末,theliterarynaturalistswhofollowedthem,rejectedtheportrayalofidealizedcharactersandevents.Instead,theysoughttodescribethewiderangeofAmericanexperienceandtopresentthesubtletiesofhumanpersonality,toportraycharacterswhowerelesssimplyallgoodorallbed.反對(duì)在作品中描繪理想化了的人物和事件，關(guān)注人性中的微妙之處。Realism：（現(xiàn)實(shí)主義）appearedintheUnitedStatesintheliteratureoflocalcolor,anamalgamofromanticplotsandrealisticdescriptionsofthingswasimmediatelyobservable.thedialects,customs,，是浪漫主義故事情節(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義描寫相結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物：美國(guó)風(fēng)味的方言、風(fēng)俗、各種觀點(diǎn)Naturalism：自然主義anewandharsherrealism,新型的更為冷峻的現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，產(chǎn)生悲觀的流派，產(chǎn)生于theendofthecentury十九世紀(jì)末，因?yàn)镻erceptionofsociety’sdisorders對(duì)社會(huì)無(wú)序的感知。Presentingcharactersoflowsocialandeconomicclasseswhoweredominatedbytheirenvironmentandheredity.設(shè)法盡力客觀真實(shí)地展現(xiàn)出受環(huán)境與出身局限的下層人民和各種經(jīng)濟(jì)階層人物的真正生活。Thenaturalistsemphasizedthattheworldwasamoral,thatmenandwomenhadnofreewill,thattheirliveswerecontrolledbyheredityandtheenvironment,thereligious“truths”wereillusory,thatthedestinyofhumanitywasmiseryinlifeandoblivionindeath.強(qiáng)調(diào)世界的非道德性，人們沒(méi)有意志的自由，宗教上的真理是虛幻的，現(xiàn)實(shí)生活是痛苦的。Deterministic決定論，宿命的，代表作家：StephenCrane,FrankNorris,JackLondon,TheodoreDreiser.Darwinism:達(dá)爾文主義:anevidentinfluenceonnaturalism,stresstheanimalityofman,tosuggestthatbewasdominatedbytheirresistibleforcesofevolution.對(duì)自然主義影響極大，強(qiáng)調(diào)人的動(dòng)物性，意味著人的命運(yùn)受進(jìn)化的不可抗力來(lái)決定的。WilliamDeanHowells，①Thearbiterof19thcenturyliteraryrealisminAmerica。十九世紀(jì)美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義文學(xué)泰斗，提拔許多年輕作家②Hisdefinedrealism:nothingmoreandnothinglessthanthetruthfultreatmentofmaterial.不加一分，不減一分，百分之百描寫現(xiàn)實(shí)。③中央視角：anobjectivepointofview二、代表作家：WaltWhitman①★freeverse(自由詩(shī)體)withoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.無(wú)固定節(jié)奏，無(wú)有規(guī)律的韻腳②“LeavesofGrass”草葉集1870thefirstgenuineepicpoem.美國(guó)歷史上第一部真正的史詩(shī)Poem’s特點(diǎn)：mostofthepoemsin“LeavesofGrass”areaboutmanandnature.③關(guān)注點(diǎn)：Inhispoetry,