【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ss. 2. As used herein, the term laboratory refers to a body that carries out calibration or testing at or from a permanent location, at or from a temporary facility, or in or from a mobile facility. testing laboratory: Laboratory that performs tests. [ISO/IEC Guide 2 ] calibration laboratory: Laboratory that performs calibrations. calibration: The set of operations which establish, under specified conditions, the relationship between values indicated by a measuring instrument or measuring system, or values represented by a material measure, and the corresponding known values of a measurand. NOTES: 1. The results of a calibration permits the estimation of errors of indication of the measuring instrument, measuring system or material measure, or the assignment of values to marks on arbitrary scales. 2. A calibration may also determine other metrological properties. 3. The result of a calibration may be recorded in a document, sometimes called a calibration certificate or a calibration report. 4. The result of a calibration is sometimes expressed as a calibration factor, or as a series of calibration factors in the form of a calibration curve. [VIM ]  test: A technical operation that consists of the determination of one or more characteristics or performance of a given product, material, equipment, organism, physical phenomenon, process or service according to a specified procedure. NOTE The result of a test is normally recorded in a document sometimes called a test report or a test certificate. [ISO/IEC Guide 2 , amended] calibration method: Defined technical procedure for performing a calibration. test method: Defined technical procedure for performing a test. verification: Confirmation by examination and provision of evidence that specified requirements have been met. NOTE In connection with the management of measuring equipment, verification provides a means for checking that the deviations between values indicated by a measuring instrument and corresponding known values of a measured quantity are consistently smaller than the maximum allowable error defined in a standard, regulation or specification peculiar to the management of the measuring equipment. The result of verification leads to a decision either to restore in service, to perform adjustments, or to repair, or to downgrade, or to declare obsolete. In all cases it is required that a written trace of the verification performed shall be kept on the measuring instrument39。s individual record. quality system: The organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes and resources for implementing quality management. [ISO 8402 , without the notes] quality manual: A document stating the quality policy, quality system and quality practices of an organization. NOTE The quality manual may call up other documentation relating to the laboratory39。s quality arrangements. reference standard: A standard, generally of the highest metrological quality available at a given location, from which measurements made at that location are derived. [VIM ] reference material: A material or substance one or more properties of which are sufficiently well established to be used for the calibration of an apparatus, the assessment of a measurement method, or for assigning values to materials. [ISO Guide 30 ] certified reference material (CRM): A reference material one or more of whose property values are certified by a technically valid procedure, acpanied by or traceable to a certificate or other documentation which is issued by a certifying body. [ISO Guide 30 ] traceability: The property of a result of a measurement whereby it can be related to appropriate standards, generally international or national standards, through an unbroken chain of parisons. [VIM ] proficiency testing: Determination of the laboratory calibration or testing performance by means of interlaboratory parisons. [ISO/IEC Guide 2 , amended] requirement: A translation of the needs into a set of individual quantified or descriptive specifications for the characteristics of an entity in order to enable its realization and examination.4. Organization and management The laboratory shall be legally identifiable. It shall be organized and shall operate in such a way that its permanent, temporary and mobile facilities meet the requirements of this Guide. A2LA Explanatory Note: The laboratory can be a public or private entity, an established business or corporation, or an identifiable division or inhouse activity of a business or corporation, which meets the applicable legal requirements of the governmental jurisdiction in which it conducts business. Legal identifiability aids in addressing issues of liability/accountability, uniqueness, position/scope and independence of operation. The laboratory shall: a) have managerial staff with the authority and resources needed to discharge their duties。 A2LA Explanatory Note: Laboratory management needs the authority to assure quality and protect integrity of results. Laboratory management needs the support of senior management reflected in adequate budget, equipment, facilities and people. Increased backlog, missed delivery dates, excessive errors, etc., are often signs of inadequate resources and/or authority. b) have arrangements to ensure that its personnel are free from any mercial, financial and other pressures which might adversely affect the quality of their work。 A2LA Explanatory Note: Both inhouse as well as mercial laboratory personnel should be insulated from workrelated undue pressures which would promise the quality of work. The source of undue pressure may be internal (., management pressure, deadlines) or external (., customer plaints, priority requests). Management should decide which types of undue pressure the staff might en