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module9memorymanagement(編輯修改稿)

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【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 job in memory while it is involved in I/O.( 當(dāng) I/O的時候,把工作鎖定在內(nèi)存中。) ? Do I/O only into OS buffers.( 只對操作系統(tǒng)的緩沖區(qū)進(jìn)行 I/O。) Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts Paging ? Logical address space of a process can be noncontiguous。 process is allocated physical memory whenever the latter is available.( 進(jìn)程的邏輯地址空間可能是不連續(xù)的,如果有可用的物理內(nèi)存,它將分給進(jìn)程。) ? Divide physical memory into fixedsized blocks called frames (size is power of 2, between 512 bytes and 8192 bytes).( 把物理內(nèi)存分成大小固定的塊。) ? Divide logical memory into blocks of same size called pages.( 把邏輯內(nèi)存也分位固定大小的塊,叫做頁。) ? Keep track of all free frames.( 保留一個頁的記錄。) ? To run a program of size n pages, need to find n free frames and load program.( 運(yùn)行一個有 N頁大小的程序,需要找到 N個空的頁框讀入程序。) ? Set up a page table to translate logical to physical addresses. ( 建立一個頁表,把邏輯地址轉(zhuǎn)換為物理地址。) ? Internal fragmentation.( 內(nèi)碎片。) Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts Address Translation Scheme ? Address generated by CPU is divided into( CPU產(chǎn)生的地址被分為) : – Page number (p) ( 頁號) – used as an index into a page table which contains base address of each page in physical memory.( 它包含每個頁在物理內(nèi)存中的基址,用來作為頁表的索引。) – Page offset (d) ( 偏移) – bined with base address to define the physical memory address that is sent to the memory unit.( 同基址相結(jié)合,用來確定送入內(nèi)存設(shè)備的物理內(nèi)存地址。) Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts Address Translation Architecture Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts Paging Example Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts Implementation of Page Table ? Page table is kept in main memory.( 主存中的頁表) ? Pagetable base register (PTBR) points to the page table.( 頁表基址寄存器指向頁表) ? Pagetable length register (PRLR) indicates size of the page table.( 頁表限長寄存器表明頁表的長度) ? In this scheme every data/instruction access requires two memory accesses. One for the page table and one for the data/instruction.( 在這個機(jī)制中,每一次的數(shù)據(jù) /指令存取需要兩次內(nèi)存存取,一次是存取頁表,一次是存取數(shù)據(jù)) ? The two memory access problem can be solved by the use of a special fastlookup hardware cache called associative registers or translation lookaside buffers (TLBs). (通過一個聯(lián)想寄存器,可以解決兩次存取的問題) Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts Associative Register ? Associative registers – parallel search ( 聯(lián)想寄存器 —并行查找) Address translation (A180。, A180。180。)( 地址轉(zhuǎn)換) – If A180。 is in associative register, get frame out. ( 如果 A’在聯(lián)想寄存器中,把頁框 取出來。) – Otherwise get frame from page table in memory.( 否則從內(nèi)存中的頁表中取出頁框 。) Page Frame Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts Effective Access Time ? Associative Lookup = ? time unit( 聯(lián)想寄存器的查找需要時間 ?) ? Assume memory cycle time is 1 microsecond( 假設(shè)內(nèi)存一次存取要 1微秒) ? Hit ration – percentage of times that a page number is found in the associative registers。 ration related to number of associative registers.( 命中率 —在聯(lián)想寄存器中找到頁號的比率,比率與聯(lián)想寄存器的大小有關(guān)。) ? Hit ratio = ? ? Effective Access Time (EAT)( 有效存取時間) EAT = (1 + ?) ? + (2 + ?)(1 – ?) = 2 + ? – ? Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts Memory Protection ? Memory protection implemented by associating protection bit with each frame.( 內(nèi)存的保護(hù)由與每個頁框相連的保護(hù)位來執(zhí)行。) ? Validinvalid bit attached to each entry in the page table( 有效 無效位附在頁表的每個表項(xiàng)中) : – “ valid‖ indicates that the associated page is in the process’ logical address space, and is thus a legal page.( ―有效”表明相關(guān)的頁在進(jìn)程的邏輯地址空間,以及是一個合法的頁。) – “ invalid‖ indicates that the page is not in the process’ logical address space.( ―無效”表明頁不在進(jìn)程的邏輯地址空間中。) Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts TwoLevel PageTable Scheme Silberschatz, Galvin, and Gagne ?1999 Applied Operating System Concepts TwoLevel Paging Example ? A logical address (on 32bit machine with 4K page size) is divided into( 一個邏輯地址被分為) : – a page number consisting of 20 bits.( 一個 20位的頁號。) – a page offset consisting of 12 bits.( 一個 12位的偏移。) ? Since the page table is paged, the page number is further divid
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