【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ns, as was originally suggested by Wolf (1969).⑤ The advantage of using phaseshifting holography, as in the present paper, is that it allows the direct acquisition of the scattered wave.⑥ There are（there be的句型引出4） several challenges in extending such models into the domain of NEMS. First, sub wavelength NEMS sizes require the accurate solution of the electromagnetic （EM） field equations in the vicinity of the device. Second, due to the layered nature of most NEMS, the EM field travels in several different media, thus necessitating a careful consideration of material properties. Third, incorporation of the solutions in the device near field into a realistic model with a farfield detector is putationally intensive. ⑦ Several key elements ought to be considered（引出4）: （a） the effective NEMS interaction with the EM field, （b） the propagation of the EM field to the detector, and （c） the detection of the optical signal via the photo detector circuitry.⑧ At the center of the approach presented here is a numerical analysis of the EM field in the vicinity of the NEMS. 意思遞進(jìn)的一些表達(dá)方式：① Another more recent example is the demonstration of an antennabased optical microscopy in the imaging of single fluorescent molecules in both dried as well as wet states [11]② More specifically, we look into a system prising of an oblate dielectric cavity with a high major/minor ratio buried just beneath the surface of a semiinfinite metal bulk.③ More importantly, it allows the acquisition of plex data, which renders possible a highquality imaging of samples that have both phase structures and absorptive structures. ④ In this paper, we use a measurementorientated approach to diffraction tomography, taking into account not only the scattered wave and the illuminating wave, but also the reference wave and the phase relations between these three waves. ⑤ Please note that the difference of the presented approach in parison to other EDOF technologies is not in the optical configuration but rather in the design of an all optical approach having binary and spatially low resolution optical element. ⑥ It is this efficiency that has made inversion methods based on exact field putations feasible again, even pared with gradienttype methods.⑦ Further confirmed by recent experimental studies is the ability of imaging through a thin silver film with the resolution up to λ0/6 by Fang et al [23]. 提出過去研究的局限性，甚至帶有批判語氣，起到承轉(zhuǎn)本文研究方法的一些表達(dá)方式：① Unfortunately(一般開頭有一個轉(zhuǎn)折), the inaccessibility of the interfaces between contacting membranes to the probe tip has hampered （表示方法的局限性）the applications of NSOM to cellsurface studies.② However, when successive illumination beams of different directions are used, it is generally not possible to control the phase of these beams.(一個轉(zhuǎn)折提出問題，承轉(zhuǎn)到本文的研究中)③ In Streibl’s microscope the electric field of the scattered wave cannot be determined directly, and the mutualintensity function must be introduced.④ Several previous approaches were suggested involving digital post processing [15], or aperture apodization by absorptive mask [610], or diffraction optical phase elements such as multi focal lenses or spatially dense distributions that suffer from significant divergence of energy into regions that are not the regions of interest⑤ However, the struggle to push optical lithography to higherresolution performance is moving the technique away from its strengths, involving more plexity and cost than ever before. New costeffective methods are needed to overe the constraining factors in optical lithography, in particular, to take the technique past the diffraction limit without the huge expense.⑥ Although a conventional microscopy system coupled with a spectrometer could fulfill this goal, an equivalent system is practically nonexisting in the realm of nanoscale imaging. It is the main objective of this paper to present such a system.(提出現(xiàn)有問題，承轉(zhuǎn)到本文的議題中) ⑦ Although super lens constructed with an uniaxial metamaterial layered structure capable of transferring high spatialfrequency energies from a sample plane onto a farfield plane may be used for cellsurface studies [14], a drawback, however, is that highresolution can be attained only within a very narrow range of wavelengths, where the radial propagation vector vanishes [14]. ⑧ Although phaseshifting holography seems a straightforward method to record both the phase and amplitude of a scattered wave, its practical implementation has faced difficulties that are mostly related to the fact that only phase differences can be measured, and that phase relations between distinct waves cannot be accurately controlled.⑨ The main bottleneck solving multidimensional inversescattering problems is that repeated “exact” field putations require an excessive amount of putation time. 一些表研究結(jié)果的句型：① The lateral resolution has been improved by increasing the collected solid angle or, equivalently (by means of the reciprocity theorem 4), by increasing the illumination solid angle.② It has permitted performance of ODT with a large number of successive illumination beams and the attainment with accuracy of the phase and amplitude of the scattered field.③ The results lead to （表結(jié)果）the conclusion that configurations with a large contrast with respect to the surrounding medium can be reconstructed with an acceptable resolution by using multiplefrequency information.④ This is realized by iterative procedures based on a linearization around a given estimate, or by nonlinear optimization.⑤ Based on an investigation of resolution and dynamic range, it is argued that configurations with a large contrast with respect to the surrounding medium can be reconstructed with an acceptable resolution by using multiplefrequency information.⑥ A second result from the theoretical analysis is the parameterization of the unknown susceptibility profile. ⑦ Structured illumination microscopy utilizes periodic lines or dot ar