【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 用，減少廢物的存放，有助于抵消初始資本費(fèi)用。Another pretreatment waste technique is incineration, which involves bustion in a furnace at a temperature between 950 and 1100`C to minimize corrosion and the emission of odours. 另一種預(yù)處理垃圾的方法是焚燒，此方法是在溫度處于950~1100攝氏度之間的熔爐中燃燒，以減少腐爛和氣味的產(chǎn)生。This reduces the waste bulk considerably, and the process can reduce the volume up to 90% and the weight up to 60%, pared to untreated waste. 相對(duì)于未經(jīng)處理的廢物，這大大減少了廢物的體積，這一過程可以體積減少高達(dá)90％，重量達(dá)60％。Also it is possible to use the heat energy produced for augmenting electrical generation or district heating, and this is already being carried out in some countries. 而且可以用產(chǎn)生的熱能來增加發(fā)電量或用于地區(qū)取暖，并且這已經(jīng)正在某些國家應(yīng)用。It has been estimated that if all the household and trade refuse collected in the UK in 1974 had been incinerated and thr heat used, this could have saved energy equivalent to 6 M tonnes of ，如果1974年英國所收集的家庭和交易市場(chǎng)的垃圾全部用來焚燒并且熱能都加以利用，則可以節(jié)約相當(dāng)于600萬噸煤的能量。Methods Use by industryAn approximate estimate of the annual amount of industrial waste produced in 1973 was 110M tonnes or 67% from the mining and quarrying industries,12M tonnes or % from CEGB power stations,and 23M tonnes or 14% from other industrial sectors. 一個(gè)1973年生產(chǎn)的工業(yè)廢水量估計(jì)約為110噸，或從采礦及采石業(yè)67％，1200萬噸，％，二千三百萬噸或其他工業(yè)部門的14％。There are no published figures for radioactive wastes, but the amount is relatively small. 沒有公布對(duì)放射性廢物的數(shù)字，但數(shù)額相對(duì)較小。The quantity and type of waste varies from industry to industry ,but the major part consists of solid material,liquid slurries and effluent containing a wide range of suspended and dissolved chemical ，但主要部分是固態(tài)物質(zhì)，液體泥漿和污水含有懸浮和溶解各種化學(xué)物質(zhì)組成。The large amount of solid waste produced by the mining and extractive industries is disposed of by tipping on land or into the sea. 采礦業(yè)和采掘工業(yè)產(chǎn)生的大量固體廢物用來處置土地或傾瀉入海。Other wastes such as furnace clinker, blastfurnace slag, and copper, tin and zinclead slags have been omitted because they are mainly reuse in subsequent production. 其他廢物，如高爐熟料，礦渣，銅，錫和鋅，鉛爐渣被忽略，因?yàn)樗鼈兪侵饕窃陔S后的生產(chǎn)使用。About 70% of this waste is not treated in any way and is tipped on land,or is use for land infull and reclamation. 約70％的這些廢物不以任何方式處理，是傾倒到土地上，或用于填埋土地或填海工程。The problems associated with this are not discussed in this paper. 這不是本文討論有關(guān)的問題。It should be noted that about 26% of the above wastes are not tipped,but are used to assist in the production of materials such as bricks, concrete blocks, cement, and road and concrete aggregate. 應(yīng)當(dāng)指出，大約26%以上不傾卸的廢物，但用于為材料的生產(chǎn)提供協(xié)助，如磚，水泥塊，水泥，道路，混凝土骨料。 Manufacturing industries produce wastes which are solid, semisolid, liquid, or gaseous,and each category may contain toxic or nontoxic, flammable, and nobustible constituents. 制造業(yè)產(chǎn)生的廢物是固體，半固體，液體或氣體，每類包含有毒或無毒，易燃，不可燃成分。There are no overall data available across all industries to show the quantities of waste or the methods of disposal. 沒有整體的數(shù)據(jù)提供各行業(yè)以顯示或處置廢物的方法的數(shù)量。Some limited surveys have been carride out, and these at least provide some detailed information. 一些有限的調(diào)查已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了，而這些至少提供了一些詳細(xì)的資料。The Local Government Operational Research Unit conducted a survey of the industrial wastes from 600 firms in the heavily industrialized area of Manchester and Salford in 1970. 地方政府在1970年研究進(jìn)行的一個(gè)高度工業(yè)化地區(qū)工業(yè)廢物的調(diào)查包含曼徹斯特和索爾福德的600個(gè)行業(yè)。It was found that one million tonnes of waste annum was produced, consisting of nonbusteble sludge, dust,ash,brick,slag and excabated materials。 and bustible paper,rubber,plastics, timber, sawdust, textiles and chemical materials. 結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，每年產(chǎn)生100萬噸垃圾，包括非可燃污泥，粉塵，灰，磚，爐渣和挖掘材料和可燃造紙，橡膠，塑料，木材，木屑，紡織品和化工原料。The quantities and methods of disposal are shown in reference. In this survey, 72% of waste was tipped on land , 16% of the intractable an dangerous waste was dumped at sea in sealed containers , and % was buried . 涉及廢物的數(shù)量和處理方法。在這個(gè)調(diào)查中，72％的垃圾被堆積在土地上，16％的危險(xiǎn)廢物被傾倒在密封的集裝箱海，％被埋葬。Only about 3% of the waste disposed of by the alternative methods of incineration or discharge into sewers. 只有約3％作處理，焚化或排放入污水渠替代浪費(fèi)的方法。Unit 21Disposal of Solid Wastes固體廢物的處置LandfillingExcept for the disposal of municipal solid wastes at sea, which is not permitted by most developed countries, solid wastes, or their residues in some form, must go to the land. Landfilling, the most economical and consequently the most mon method of solid waste disposal, is used for 90 percent f the municipal solid wastes in the United Kingdom and North America. Even in European countries like West Germany and Switzerland, with massive investments in incineration and posting plants, over 6 percent of domestic and mercial waste is landfilled. Incineration cannot, of course, eliminate landfilling. In fact, it creates a more concentrated residue that may be more hazardous to water supplies than unburned solid wastes. The area needed for landfilling of solid wastes is about 1 ah per year for every 25,000 people (1 Ac/10,000 people). This is illustrated in the following Example.Example For a population of 25,000, estimate the annual area requirements (excluding the buffer zone) for a normally pacted landfill having a refuse depth of 4m excluding cover material.Solution Assuming that per capita waste generation is ,the annual area required is Area requirements for landfilling can vary considerably with the type of waste and the degree of paction. Details of the design and operation of sanitary landfills are discussed in reference.The balance of this section reviews some of the processes that may be used prior to land disposal to reduce waste volume and/or utilize waste ponents, thus reducing landfill needs.IncinerationVolume reduction. Large numbers of batchfed incinerators built during the 1930 and 1940s to reduce waste volume were major contributors to air pollution, performed poorly, and were costly to maintain. Some of these were upgraded, but most were shut down and replaced by land disposal of refuse whenever possible. However, as landfill capacity decreased, volume reduction became more important. At the same time, the fuel value of refuse had been rising steadily. As a result, incineration for reducing waste volume (