【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 形式：insistence, preference, remendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of AfroAmerican poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.含蓄虛擬語氣是指假設(shè)條件不通過if從句表達，而是暗含在其他結(jié)構(gòu)中?？忌鷳煜ぃ?1)連詞but, but that, or, or else；副詞otherwise, unfortunately等表示轉(zhuǎn)折假設(shè)。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened。 otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.(2)介詞短語暗含假設(shè)條件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虛擬語氣。如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.(4)情態(tài)動詞完成式暗示虛擬語氣。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.(1)從句中動詞用過去式或過去完成式表示虛擬的句型：would rather would as soon as though suppose…h(huán)ad rather would sooner as if supposing…If only…It is (high) time that…(從句中動詞只用過去式)如：His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.(2)If it were not for… (與現(xiàn)在事實相反)If it had not been for… (與過去事實相反) 相當于but for。如：If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.(3)If only…謂語動詞視情況選用適當?shù)男问?。如：If only the mittee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.(4)lest/for fear that/in case 從句謂語用(should+)動詞原形。如：The mad man was put in the softpadded cell lest he injure himself.(5)whether…or…有時謂語用be的原形，引導讓步虛擬從句，這種用法經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite 、情態(tài)動詞注意情態(tài)動詞完成式的用法有兩方面的含義：(1)must have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的肯定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定……”。如：My pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”(2)can’t/couldn’t have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生情況的否定推測，譯為“(昨天)一定沒……”。 如：Mary couldn’t have received my letter。 otherwise she would have replied before now.(3)may/might have +過去分詞，表示對已發(fā)生的事情做不肯定、可能性很小的推測，或事實上根本沒發(fā)生，譯為“也許……”。如：At Florida Power’s Crystal River plant, a potentially serious leakage of radioactive water may have been unknowingly caused by an electrician.(1)needn’t have+過去分詞，表示做了不必做的事，譯為“其實沒必要……”。如：As it turned out to be a small house party, we needn’t have dressed up so formally.(2)should /should not have +過去分詞，表示應該做某事但實際上未做，或本不應該做但實際上做了, 譯為“本(不)應該……”。如：I regret having left the work unfinished。 I should have planned everything ahead carefully.(3)ought to have+過去分詞，表示動作按理該發(fā)生了，但實際上未發(fā)生，譯為“該……”，與should的完成式含義類似。如：The porter ought to have called the firebrigade as soon as he saw the fire in the stock, which went up in smoke.(4)could have+過去分詞，表示過去本來可以做但卻未做，譯為“完全可以……”。如：What you said is right, but you could have phrased it more tactfully.(5)may/might have + 過去分詞，表示過去可以做但實際未做，譯為“(那樣)也許會……”。如：It might have been better to include more punchy statistics and photos of equipment in the introduction to further assist firsttime office automation managers.(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨，最好”，與had better相近。如：Since the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越……越好，怎么也不過分”。注意這個句型的變體cannot…over…。如：You cannot be too careful when you drive a car.The final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.(3)used not或did not use to為used to (do)的否定式。(4)should 除了“應該”一層意思外，大綱還規(guī)定要掌握其“竟然”的意思。如：I didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.八、形容詞、副詞及其比較級形容詞在句中做定語、表語和主語。考生應注意：(1)以 “a” 開頭的形容詞如alone, alike, asleep, awake等不能做前置定語，可做表語或后置定語。(2)某些以副詞詞綴 “l(fā)y” 結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞，如friendly, leisurely, lovely等。(3)下列動詞既是實義動詞又是系動詞，注意用做系動詞時，要求形容詞做表語：remain, keep, bee, get, grow, go, e, turn, stay, stand, run, prove, seem, appear, look。，考生應把握(1)形容詞和副詞比較級的形式是否和比較連詞對應出現(xiàn)，即是否符合原級比較及比較級的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.On the whole, ambitious students are more likely to succeed in their studies than are those with little ambition.(2)比較的成分是否屬于同類事物或同類概念。如：The number of registered participants in this year’s marathon was half that of last year’s.Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.(3)比較級的修飾語如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，還有表示倍數(shù)比較的詞等，他們的位置是：修飾語+as…as…, 或修飾語+more…than…。如：Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting?” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”(4)下列詞和短語不用比較級形式卻表示比較概念：inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，pared with，in parison with，different from，rather than。如：Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.比較級形式表示最高級意義時，比較對象的范圍應用：any other +單數(shù)名詞the other +復數(shù)名詞the othersanyone/anything else上述詞是用來將比較級結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變成最高級意義的關(guān)鍵詞語，切不可遺漏，否則會造成邏輯混亂的錯誤。如不能說：John runs faster than 。(1)not so much…as…與其說……不如說……The chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.(2)no/not any more…than…兩者一樣都不……T