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初中英語語法基礎(chǔ)知識匯總(編輯修改稿)

2025-04-19 05:37 本頁面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 話。                         The rich sometimes plain their empty life.                         富人有時抱怨他們空虛的生活。                         The police led the old man across the street.                         警察領(lǐng)老人橫過馬路。                    形容詞的排列順序  當(dāng)兩個以上形容詞修飾一個名詞,形容詞該如何排列? 為什么不能說a black new pen,而要說成a new black pen? 這里面有無規(guī)則可循?   如果你記住Opsha這個為幫助記憶而杜撰的詞,就能掌握英語中形容詞排列的順序。 Opsha中op代表opinion,指表示人們觀點的形容詞,如beautiful,horrible,lovely,nice等; sh代表shape,指表示形狀的形容詞,如long,short,round, narrow等; a代表age,指表示年齡、時代的形容詞,如old,new, young等; c代表colour,指表示顏色的形容詞,如red,black, orange等; o代表origin,指表示國籍、地區(qū)的形容詞,如British,Canadian,German等; m代表material,指表示材料的形容詞,如plastic,metal,aluminium等。   英語中這六類形容詞連用時就按上述先后順序排列,如a nice long new black British plastic pen當(dāng)然,實際語言使用中不可能出現(xiàn)這么多形容詞連用的情況。副詞(Adverbadv.)   定義:用以修飾動詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞叫做副詞。例如: not(不),here(這里),now(現(xiàn)在),well(很好地),fast(快速地),happily(快樂地),carefully(小心地)   副詞的句子中主要的表達(dá)功能如下:   (1)修飾動詞,例:  We do not go to school on Sundays.  ?。ㄐ瞧谔煳覀兌疾蝗ド蠈W(xué)。)   Mary reads very well.  ?。ì旣惱首x得很好。)   My teacher always speaks slowly but clearly.   (我的老師講話總是慢慢地,但是很清楚。)  ?。?)修飾形容詞,例:  She looks very happy today.  ?。ń裉焖磥砗芸鞓贰#? ?。?)修飾副詞,例:  Thank you very much.  ?。ǚ浅5馗兄x你。)副詞比較級的構(gòu)成,est來構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。原級  比較級  最高級well  better   bestbadly  worse  worstmuch  more  mostlittle  less  leastfar  farther  farthest  farthest  furthestlate  later   latest(4) 副詞的最高級前面可以不加定冠詞the。(5) 常用句型有l(wèi)ike A better than B和like A(the)best of(in)…其余變化和形容詞類似。常見副詞用法(1) too, eitherToo 一般用于肯定句,常放在句末,否定句時用either。(2) ago,beforeago 以現(xiàn)在為起點,和動詞的過去時連用。before以過去某個時間為起點,常和過去完成時連用。當(dāng)before前沒有“一段時間”而單獨使用時,泛指“以前”,常和完成時連用。如:I have heard the man before。我以前聽說過那個人。兼有兩種形式的副詞 1) close與closely close意思是近; closely 意思是仔細(xì)地 He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. 2) late 與lately late意思是晚; lately 意思是最近 You have e too late. What have you been doing lately? 3) deep與deeply deep意思是深,表示空間深度;deeply時常表示感情上的深度,深深地 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4) high與highly high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5) wide與widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是廣泛地,在許多地方 He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 6) free與freely free的意思是免費;freely 的意思是無限制地 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely。 say what you like.代詞(Pronoun—pron.)   定義:用以代替名詞的詞叫做代詞。   代詞有代表人物的,有用來指人物的,有表示不定數(shù)的,有用以發(fā)問的,也有用來表達(dá)關(guān)系的。例如:   代表人物:I(我),you(你),she(她),he(他),it(它),…   指人物:this(這個),these(這些),that(那個),…   表不定數(shù):some(一些),other(其余),all(全體)…   發(fā)問:what(什么),which(哪一個),…   表示關(guān)系:who,which,that,…   代詞在句子中的功能與名詞的功能相同。   (1)作句子的主語,例:  Helen is a student.She goes to school by bus every day.  ?。ê愂菍W(xué)生。她每天乘公共汽車上學(xué)。)  ?。?)作句子的主語補語,例:  Who is there ?(誰在那兒?)   It’s me ,Tom .(是我,湯姆。)  ?。?)作及物動詞的直接賓語,例:  I see her at school every day.  ?。刻煳以趯W(xué)校都看到她。)   (4)作介詞的賓語,例:  Helen is my good friend.I go to school together with her every morning.  ?。ê愂俏业暮门笥?。每天早晨我都和她一起上學(xué)去。)代詞種類及用法  (一)人稱代詞   主格  I  you  he  she  it  we  you  they   賓格 me  you  him her   it  us  you  them    人稱代詞在并列使用時的順序為:“第二人稱,第三人稱,第一人稱”。   如:You, she and I all enjoy the music.  ?。ǘ┪镏鞔~   形容詞性 my  your  his  her  its  our  your  their   名詞性  mine yours his  hers its  ours yours theirs   ,相當(dāng)于一個形容詞,名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語、主語和賓語,相當(dāng)于一個名詞。   ,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。   如:⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (這里ours=our books)    ?、芓his is not our room. Ours is over there. (這里ours=our room)   3.of+名詞性物主代詞表示所屬   如:a sister of his 他的一個妹妹     a friend of mine 我的一個朋友   (三)反身代詞:myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves   關(guān)于反身代詞,同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu):   enjoy oneself=have a good time (過得很愉快)   by oneself=alone (單獨、獨自)   help oneself to… (隨便吃/喝 些...)   learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自學(xué))   練習(xí)題    trousers are these? _____, I think.       2. Nobody taught___English. He taught____.    , himself , himself , by himself , his  ?。ㄋ模┎欢ù~: something, anything, nothing.   當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個不定代詞時,常后置。 如:something new   There39。s ____ in today39。s newspaper. (中考題)   anything something    important important  ?。ㄎ澹┝硗猓~some, every, all, both, either, another  ?。ㄒ恍?,某) 一般用于肯定句中 注:some有時也可用于表示請求的疑問句中。    any(任何) 多用于疑問句和否定句    ① Will you give me some water?   ?、?Would you like some meat?    ③ May I ask some questions?   ?、?Could I have some apples?   +單數(shù)名詞 “每一個” 強調(diào)共性,作定語,形式上為單數(shù)。    each “每一個” 強調(diào)個性,作定語、主語、賓語和同位語,常與of連用。    如:Each student was asked to try again.    Each of them has a nice skirt.    Every child likes playing games.    “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上,作同位語時,一般放在連系、助動詞之后,行為動詞之前?!  one “沒有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介詞of    如:We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.      None of us is/are afraid of dogs.(單、復(fù)數(shù)均可)    “(兩者)都” ,作主語時,看作復(fù)數(shù);作定語時,后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。    either “兩者中任何一個” ,作主語時,謂語用第三人稱單數(shù)。作定語時,后跟名詞單數(shù)。    neither “(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義,用法同either。    如:They both swim well. =Both of them swim well.      There are trees on both sides of the street.      = There are trees on either side of the street.      Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.      Neither answer is right.   5. another +單數(shù)名詞, “另一個”    one … the other “一個……,另一個……”    the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞    = the others “其他的人或物” (指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部)    others “別人”   (六)疑問代詞 5個“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which   這里,which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容,其實,同學(xué)們只須記住,對作定語的內(nèi)容提問,常用which.   I39。m going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考題)   ________ ________ are you going to take?一、冠詞概述冠詞是虛詞,它不能單獨使用。只能附在一個名詞上說明這個名詞。冠詞分為不定冠a(an)詞和定冠詞the。不定冠詞一般表示泛指;定冠詞一般表示特指。二、不定冠詞a(an)的用法A. 不定冠詞a(an)用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。a用于輔音字母開始的詞前;an用于元音字母開始的詞前。如:a girl an English bookB. 不定冠詞用來表示類別,指某一類人或某一類事物中的一個(泛指)。如: His father is a doctor.      I work in a middle school in Beijing.C. 不定冠詞用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,可以表示其全類(泛指)。如: An English teacher teaches the students how to learn English.三、定冠詞the的用法① 表示上文提到過的人或事物?! ∪纾篐e bought an EnglishChine
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