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初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)匯總(編輯修改稿)

2025-04-19 05:37 本頁(yè)面
 

【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 話。                         The rich sometimes plain their empty life.                         富人有時(shí)抱怨他們空虛的生活。                         The police led the old man across the street.                         警察領(lǐng)老人橫過(guò)馬路。                    形容詞的排列順序  當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞,形容詞該如何排列? 為什么不能說(shuō)a black new pen,而要說(shuō)成a new black pen? 這里面有無(wú)規(guī)則可循?   如果你記住Opsha這個(gè)為幫助記憶而杜撰的詞,就能掌握英語(yǔ)中形容詞排列的順序。 Opsha中op代表opinion,指表示人們觀點(diǎn)的形容詞,如beautiful,horrible,lovely,nice等; sh代表shape,指表示形狀的形容詞,如long,short,round, narrow等; a代表age,指表示年齡、時(shí)代的形容詞,如old,new, young等; c代表colour,指表示顏色的形容詞,如red,black, orange等; o代表origin,指表示國(guó)籍、地區(qū)的形容詞,如British,Canadian,German等; m代表material,指表示材料的形容詞,如plastic,metal,aluminium等。   英語(yǔ)中這六類(lèi)形容詞連用時(shí)就按上述先后順序排列,如a nice long new black British plastic pen當(dāng)然,實(shí)際語(yǔ)言使用中不可能出現(xiàn)這么多形容詞連用的情況。副詞(Adverbadv.)   定義:用以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞叫做副詞。例如: not(不),here(這里),now(現(xiàn)在),well(很好地),fast(快速地),happily(快樂(lè)地),carefully(小心地)   副詞的句子中主要的表達(dá)功能如下:  ?。?)修飾動(dòng)詞,例:  We do not go to school on Sundays.  ?。ㄐ瞧谔煳覀兌疾蝗ド蠈W(xué)。)   Mary reads very well.  ?。ì旣惱首x得很好。)   My teacher always speaks slowly but clearly.  ?。ㄎ业睦蠋熤v話總是慢慢地,但是很清楚。)  ?。?)修飾形容詞,例:  She looks very happy today.  ?。ń裉焖磥?lái)很快樂(lè)。)  ?。?)修飾副詞,例:  Thank you very much.  ?。ǚ浅5馗兄x你。)副詞比較級(jí)的構(gòu)成,est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。原級(jí)  比較級(jí)  最高級(jí)well  better   bestbadly  worse  worstmuch  more  mostlittle  less  leastfar  farther  farthest  farthest  furthestlate  later   latest(4) 副詞的最高級(jí)前面可以不加定冠詞the。(5) 常用句型有l(wèi)ike A better than B和like A(the)best of(in)…其余變化和形容詞類(lèi)似。常見(jiàn)副詞用法(1) too, eitherToo 一般用于肯定句,常放在句末,否定句時(shí)用either。(2) ago,beforeago 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),和動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)連用。before以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為起點(diǎn),常和過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。當(dāng)before前沒(méi)有“一段時(shí)間”而單獨(dú)使用時(shí),泛指“以前”,常和完成時(shí)連用。如:I have heard the man before。我以前聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那個(gè)人。兼有兩種形式的副詞 1) close與closely close意思是近; closely 意思是仔細(xì)地 He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. 2) late 與lately late意思是晚; lately 意思是最近 You have e too late. What have you been doing lately? 3) deep與deeply deep意思是深,表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,深深地 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4) high與highly high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5) wide與widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是廣泛地,在許多地方 He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 6) free與freely free的意思是免費(fèi);freely 的意思是無(wú)限制地 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely。 say what you like.代詞(Pronoun—pron.)   定義:用以代替名詞的詞叫做代詞。   代詞有代表人物的,有用來(lái)指人物的,有表示不定數(shù)的,有用以發(fā)問(wèn)的,也有用來(lái)表達(dá)關(guān)系的。例如:   代表人物:I(我),you(你),she(她),he(他),it(它),…   指人物:this(這個(gè)),these(這些),that(那個(gè)),…   表不定數(shù):some(一些),other(其余),all(全體)…   發(fā)問(wèn):what(什么),which(哪一個(gè)),…   表示關(guān)系:who,which,that,…   代詞在句子中的功能與名詞的功能相同。  ?。?)作句子的主語(yǔ),例:  Helen is a student.She goes to school by bus every day.  ?。ê愂菍W(xué)生。她每天乘公共汽車(chē)上學(xué)。)  ?。?)作句子的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),例:  Who is there ?(誰(shuí)在那兒?)   It’s me ,Tom .(是我,湯姆。)   (3)作及物動(dòng)詞的直接賓語(yǔ),例:  I see her at school every day.  ?。刻煳以趯W(xué)校都看到她。)  ?。?)作介詞的賓語(yǔ),例:  Helen is my good friend.I go to school together with her every morning.   (海倫是我的好朋友。每天早晨我都和她一起上學(xué)去。)代詞種類(lèi)及用法  (一)人稱(chēng)代詞   主格  I  you  he  she  it  we  you  they   賓格 me  you  him her   it  us  you  them    人稱(chēng)代詞在并列使用時(shí)的順序?yàn)椋骸暗诙朔Q(chēng),第三人稱(chēng),第一人稱(chēng)”。   如:You, she and I all enjoy the music.  ?。ǘ┪镏鞔~   形容詞性 my  your  his  her  its  our  your  their   名詞性  mine yours his  hers its  ours yours theirs   ,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞,名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。   ,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。   如:⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (這里ours=our books)     ⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (這里ours=our room)   3.of+名詞性物主代詞表示所屬   如:a sister of his 他的一個(gè)妹妹     a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友  ?。ㄈ┓瓷泶~:myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves   關(guān)于反身代詞,同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu):   enjoy oneself=have a good time (過(guò)得很愉快)   by oneself=alone (單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自)   help oneself to… (隨便吃/喝 些...)   learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自學(xué))   練習(xí)題    trousers are these? _____, I think.       2. Nobody taught___English. He taught____.    , himself , himself , by himself , his   (四)不定代詞: something, anything, nothing.   當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個(gè)不定代詞時(shí),常后置。 如:something new   There39。s ____ in today39。s newspaper. (中考題)   anything something    important important  ?。ㄎ澹┝硗?,代詞some, every, all, both, either, another   (一些,某) 一般用于肯定句中 注:some有時(shí)也可用于表示請(qǐng)求的疑問(wèn)句中。    any(任何) 多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句    ① Will you give me some water?   ?、?Would you like some meat?    ③ May I ask some questions?   ?、?Could I have some apples?   +單數(shù)名詞 “每一個(gè)” 強(qiáng)調(diào)共性,作定語(yǔ),形式上為單數(shù)。    each “每一個(gè)” 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性,作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ),常與of連用。    如:Each student was asked to try again.    Each of them has a nice skirt.    Every child likes playing games.    “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上,作同位語(yǔ)時(shí),一般放在連系、助動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前。   none “沒(méi)有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介詞of    如:We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada.      None of us is/are afraid of dogs.(單、復(fù)數(shù)均可)    “(兩者)都” ,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),看作復(fù)數(shù);作定語(yǔ)時(shí),后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。    either “兩者中任何一個(gè)” ,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí),后跟名詞單數(shù)。    neither “(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義,用法同either。    如:They both swim well. =Both of them swim well.      There are trees on both sides of the street.      = There are trees on either side of the street.      Neither of us is going to Beijing next week.      Neither answer is right.   5. another +單數(shù)名詞, “另一個(gè)”    one … the other “一個(gè)……,另一個(gè)……”    the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞    = the others “其他的人或物” (指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部)    others “別人”   (六)疑問(wèn)代詞 5個(gè)“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which   這里,which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容,其實(shí),同學(xué)們只須記住,對(duì)作定語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容提問(wèn),常用which.   I39。m going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考題)   ________ ________ are you going to take?一、冠詞概述冠詞是虛詞,它不能單獨(dú)使用。只能附在一個(gè)名詞上說(shuō)明這個(gè)名詞。冠詞分為不定冠a(an)詞和定冠詞the。不定冠詞一般表示泛指;定冠詞一般表示特指。二、不定冠詞a(an)的用法A. 不定冠詞a(an)用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。a用于輔音字母開(kāi)始的詞前;an用于元音字母開(kāi)始的詞前。如:a girl an English bookB. 不定冠詞用來(lái)表示類(lèi)別,指某一類(lèi)人或某一類(lèi)事物中的一個(gè)(泛指)。如: His father is a doctor.      I work in a middle school in Beijing.C. 不定冠詞用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,可以表示其全類(lèi)(泛指)。如: An English teacher teaches the students how to learn English.三、定冠詞the的用法① 表示上文提到過(guò)的人或事物?! ∪纾篐e bought an EnglishChine
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