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話。 The rich sometimes plain their empty life. 富人有時(shí)抱怨他們空虛的生活。 The police led the old man across the street. 警察領(lǐng)老人橫過(guò)馬路。 形容詞的排列順序 當(dāng)兩個(gè)以上形容詞修飾一個(gè)名詞,形容詞該如何排列? 為什么不能說(shuō)a black new pen,而要說(shuō)成a new black pen? 這里面有無(wú)規(guī)則可循? 如果你記住Opsha這個(gè)為幫助記憶而杜撰的詞,就能掌握英語(yǔ)中形容詞排列的順序。 Opsha中op代表opinion,指表示人們觀點(diǎn)的形容詞,如beautiful,horrible,lovely,nice等; sh代表shape,指表示形狀的形容詞,如long,short,round, narrow等; a代表age,指表示年齡、時(shí)代的形容詞,如old,new, young等; c代表colour,指表示顏色的形容詞,如red,black, orange等; o代表origin,指表示國(guó)籍、地區(qū)的形容詞,如British,Canadian,German等; m代表material,指表示材料的形容詞,如plastic,metal,aluminium等。 英語(yǔ)中這六類(lèi)形容詞連用時(shí)就按上述先后順序排列,如a nice long new black British plastic pen當(dāng)然,實(shí)際語(yǔ)言使用中不可能出現(xiàn)這么多形容詞連用的情況。副詞(Adverbadv.) 定義:用以修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞的詞叫做副詞。例如: not(不),here(這里),now(現(xiàn)在),well(很好地),fast(快速地),happily(快樂(lè)地),carefully(小心地) 副詞的句子中主要的表達(dá)功能如下: ?。?)修飾動(dòng)詞,例: We do not go to school on Sundays. ?。ㄐ瞧谔煳覀兌疾蝗ド蠈W(xué)。) Mary reads very well. ?。ì旣惱首x得很好。) My teacher always speaks slowly but clearly. ?。ㄎ业睦蠋熤v話總是慢慢地,但是很清楚。) ?。?)修飾形容詞,例: She looks very happy today. ?。ń裉焖磥?lái)很快樂(lè)。) ?。?)修飾副詞,例: Thank you very much. ?。ǚ浅5馗兄x你。)副詞比較級(jí)的構(gòu)成,est來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。原級(jí) 比較級(jí) 最高級(jí)well better bestbadly worse worstmuch more mostlittle less leastfar farther farthest farthest furthestlate later latest(4) 副詞的最高級(jí)前面可以不加定冠詞the。(5) 常用句型有l(wèi)ike A better than B和like A(the)best of(in)…其余變化和形容詞類(lèi)似。常見(jiàn)副詞用法(1) too, eitherToo 一般用于肯定句,常放在句末,否定句時(shí)用either。(2) ago,beforeago 以現(xiàn)在為起點(diǎn),和動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去時(shí)連用。before以過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)間為起點(diǎn),常和過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用。當(dāng)before前沒(méi)有“一段時(shí)間”而單獨(dú)使用時(shí),泛指“以前”,常和完成時(shí)連用。如:I have heard the man before。我以前聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)那個(gè)人。兼有兩種形式的副詞 1) close與closely close意思是近; closely 意思是仔細(xì)地 He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely. 2) late 與lately late意思是晚; lately 意思是最近 You have e too late. What have you been doing lately? 3) deep與deeply deep意思是深,表示空間深度;deeply時(shí)常表示感情上的深度,深深地 He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film. 4) high與highly high表示空間高度;highly表示程度,相當(dāng)于much The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion. 5) wide與widely wide表示空間寬度;widely意思是廣泛地,在許多地方 He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world. 6) free與freely free的意思是免費(fèi);freely 的意思是無(wú)限制地 You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely。 say what you like.代詞(Pronoun—pron.) 定義:用以代替名詞的詞叫做代詞。 代詞有代表人物的,有用來(lái)指人物的,有表示不定數(shù)的,有用以發(fā)問(wèn)的,也有用來(lái)表達(dá)關(guān)系的。例如: 代表人物:I(我),you(你),she(她),he(他),it(它),… 指人物:this(這個(gè)),these(這些),that(那個(gè)),… 表不定數(shù):some(一些),other(其余),all(全體)… 發(fā)問(wèn):what(什么),which(哪一個(gè)),… 表示關(guān)系:who,which,that,… 代詞在句子中的功能與名詞的功能相同。 ?。?)作句子的主語(yǔ),例: Helen is a student.She goes to school by bus every day. ?。ê愂菍W(xué)生。她每天乘公共汽車(chē)上學(xué)。) ?。?)作句子的主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ),例: Who is there ?(誰(shuí)在那兒?) It’s me ,Tom .(是我,湯姆。) (3)作及物動(dòng)詞的直接賓語(yǔ),例: I see her at school every day. ?。刻煳以趯W(xué)校都看到她。) ?。?)作介詞的賓語(yǔ),例: Helen is my good friend.I go to school together with her every morning. (海倫是我的好朋友。每天早晨我都和她一起上學(xué)去。)代詞種類(lèi)及用法 (一)人稱(chēng)代詞 主格 I you he she it we you they 賓格 me you him her it us you them 人稱(chēng)代詞在并列使用時(shí)的順序?yàn)椋骸暗诙朔Q(chēng),第三人稱(chēng),第一人稱(chēng)”。 如:You, she and I all enjoy the music. ?。ǘ┪镏鞔~ 形容詞性 my your his her its our your their 名詞性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs ,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)形容詞,名詞性物主代詞在句中可作表語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞。 ,是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)。 如:⑴These books aren't ours. Ours are new. (這里ours=our books) ⑵This is not our room. Ours is over there. (這里ours=our room) 3.of+名詞性物主代詞表示所屬 如:a sister of his 他的一個(gè)妹妹 a friend of mine 我的一個(gè)朋友 ?。ㄈ┓瓷泶~:myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves 關(guān)于反身代詞,同學(xué)們須掌握其固定結(jié)構(gòu): enjoy oneself=have a good time (過(guò)得很愉快) by oneself=alone (單獨(dú)、獨(dú)自) help oneself to… (隨便吃/喝 些...) learn sth. by oneself =teach oneself sth. (自學(xué)) 練習(xí)題 trousers are these? _____, I think. 2. Nobody taught___English. He taught____. , himself , himself , by himself , his (四)不定代詞: something, anything, nothing. 當(dāng)形容詞修飾這三個(gè)不定代詞時(shí),常后置。 如:something new There39。s ____ in today39。s newspaper. (中考題) anything something important important ?。ㄎ澹┝硗?,代詞some, every, all, both, either, another (一些,某) 一般用于肯定句中 注:some有時(shí)也可用于表示請(qǐng)求的疑問(wèn)句中。 any(任何) 多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句 ① Will you give me some water? ?、?Would you like some meat? ③ May I ask some questions? ?、?Could I have some apples? +單數(shù)名詞 “每一個(gè)” 強(qiáng)調(diào)共性,作定語(yǔ),形式上為單數(shù)。 each “每一個(gè)” 強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)性,作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ),常與of連用。 如:Each student was asked to try again. Each of them has a nice skirt. Every child likes playing games. “(全部)都” 表示三者或三者以上,作同位語(yǔ)時(shí),一般放在連系、助動(dòng)詞之后,行為動(dòng)詞之前。 none “沒(méi)有”表示三者或三者以上都不,后常跟介詞of 如:We are all from Canada. = All of us are from Canada. None of us is/are afraid of dogs.(單、復(fù)數(shù)均可) “(兩者)都” ,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),看作復(fù)數(shù);作定語(yǔ)時(shí),后跟名詞復(fù)數(shù)。 either “兩者中任何一個(gè)” ,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)用第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí),后跟名詞單數(shù)。 neither “(兩者)都不”,含有否定意義,用法同either。 如:They both swim well. =Both of them swim well. There are trees on both sides of the street. = There are trees on either side of the street. Neither of us is going to Beijing next week. Neither answer is right. 5. another +單數(shù)名詞, “另一個(gè)” one … the other “一個(gè)……,另一個(gè)……” the other +復(fù)數(shù)名詞 = the others “其他的人或物” (指確定范圍內(nèi)剩下的全部) others “別人” (六)疑問(wèn)代詞 5個(gè)“wh”, 即who, whose, whom, what, which 這里,which是同學(xué)們不易掌握的內(nèi)容,其實(shí),同學(xué)們只須記住,對(duì)作定語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容提問(wèn),常用which. I39。m going to take the skirt on the right. (97中考題) ________ ________ are you going to take?一、冠詞概述冠詞是虛詞,它不能單獨(dú)使用。只能附在一個(gè)名詞上說(shuō)明這個(gè)名詞。冠詞分為不定冠a(an)詞和定冠詞the。不定冠詞一般表示泛指;定冠詞一般表示特指。二、不定冠詞a(an)的用法A. 不定冠詞a(an)用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前。a用于輔音字母開(kāi)始的詞前;an用于元音字母開(kāi)始的詞前。如:a girl an English bookB. 不定冠詞用來(lái)表示類(lèi)別,指某一類(lèi)人或某一類(lèi)事物中的一個(gè)(泛指)。如: His father is a doctor. I work in a middle school in Beijing.C. 不定冠詞用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,可以表示其全類(lèi)(泛指)。如: An English teacher teaches the students how to learn English.三、定冠詞the的用法① 表示上文提到過(guò)的人或事物?! ∪纾篐e bought an EnglishChine