【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 rian built with mud brick and wood rather than with stone.(C) To help account for the fact that tombs and vaulted chambers have been found only at Ur.(D) To counter the claim that all ancient societies paid great attention to the afterlife. to the passage, it can be inferred that the City of Ur is located in Ur 城（烏爾城）位于(A) Egypt(B) Persia(C) northern Mesopotamia(D) near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河的附近 word vast in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) random(B) very large(C) surprising(D) relatively small to paragraph 2 and 3, the physical characteristics of Mesopotamia affected Sumerian civilization in all of the following ways EXCEPT: 根據(jù)段美索不達(dá)米亞影響蘇美爾文明，除了哪方面(A) Foreign invasions were made easy.(B) Creating and maintaining political stability was made difficult.(C) Continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.文化和藝術(shù)傳統(tǒng)的一致性 得不到(D) Sumerian architecture could not produce longlasting structures at the four [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the passage. Despite these achievements, scholars know much less about Sumerian life than they would like. 盡管這些成就，學(xué)者們對(duì)于蘇美爾人的生活知道的更少，比起他們愛好什么而言 Where would the sentence best fit? 第四方塊 to paragraph 4, what evidence is used to support the claim that the idea of divine ownership was not “a mere pious fiction”? 對(duì)于神的所有權(quán)并不僅僅“是虔誠的虛構(gòu)”這一論點(diǎn)支持的證據(jù)是 (A) The idea of divine ownership originated with the kings of Sumerian citystate.(B) The idea of divine ownership was the reason why a large part of the harvest was offered to the god.(C) The idea of divine ownership eventually came to replace “theocratic socialism”.(D) The idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society. 神的所有權(quán)服務(wù)于蘇美爾社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式的基礎(chǔ) 11.，The word considerable in the passage is closest in meaning to(A) substantial(B) fixed(C) valuable(D) limited.12，In the above passage, all of the following were true of the local god EXCEPT 哪項(xiàng)不是關(guān)于當(dāng)?shù)氐纳竦氖聦?shí)(A) The local god owned everything and everyone in the citystate.(B) The local god represented the subjects of the citystate to other gods.(C) The local god municated with the people of the citystate through a human ruler.(D) The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival citystates 當(dāng)?shù)氐纳裼袝r(shí)候同競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的城邦的神作戰(zhàn) 13，fill in a table問題Ancient Egyptian Civilization政治統(tǒng)一了很久時(shí)間 有相當(dāng)多建筑物遺址 Sumerian Civilization城邦國家是一個(gè)特色 從文件中所記載 這一個(gè)文明受到外部的侵略 兩河流域——古代人類文明的搖籃 底格里斯河和幼發(fā)拉底河中下游，通常稱做美索不達(dá)米亞（希臘語意為“兩河之間的土地”）平原，這個(gè)地方是古代人類文明的重要發(fā)源地之一，創(chuàng)造了舉世聞名的兩河流域文明。兩河流域文明由蘇美爾文明、巴比倫文明和亞述文明三部分組成，其中巴比倫文明以其成就斐然而成為兩河流域文明的典范，古巴比倫王國與古埃及、古印度和中國構(gòu)成了人們所說的世界四大文明古國。 兩河文明：發(fā)源于亞洲底格里斯河（Tigris）與幼發(fā)拉底河（Euphrates）河流域，又稱美索不達(dá)米亞（Mesopotamia）文明。兩河文明也是有史可考的最古老的文明，其文明形成期可以追溯到公元前4000年，正式形成于約公元前3500年。當(dāng)時(shí)生活在兩河流域的是蘇美爾人，建立了蘇美爾文明。之后陸續(xù)有閃米特人、赫梯人、亞述人、波斯人、馬其頓人、羅馬人、阿拉伯人和突厥人相繼入侵。兩河流域繼蘇美爾人之后最偉大的文明就是由閃米特人漢穆拉比建立的巴比倫。 尼羅河文明：發(fā)源于非洲尼羅河（Nile）流域，又稱古埃及文明，其歷史也可追溯到公元前4000年。公元前3100年左右，上埃及國王美尼斯統(tǒng)一上下埃及，開始了史稱的埃及王朝時(shí)期，也就代表了古埃及文明的正式開始。 蘇美爾文明主要是關(guān)于兩河流域，美索不達(dá)米亞平原的文明。著重談了蘇美爾文明。剛開始，說兩河流域和埃及的古文明幾乎同時(shí)開始。然后對(duì)比了這兩個(gè)地方的地理位置和自然環(huán)境，兩河流域是平原，沒有自然屏障，于是容易被外界入侵，所以該地區(qū)的政權(quán)很不穩(wěn)定，等等。然后著重談了蘇美爾文明，講了他們的起源和文化上的特點(diǎn)，然后說由于兩河流域沒有石頭，他們的建筑材料都是一些泥土和木頭，因此很少有遺跡，不像埃及。隨后重點(diǎn)介紹了蘇美爾文明的宗教制度和政治經(jīng)濟(jì)制度。 兩河流域的Sumerian（蘇美爾人）文化。首先講到埃及有強(qiáng)大的法老政權(quán)，與埃及同時(shí)期在美索不達(dá)米亞平原出現(xiàn)了蘇美爾人文化，但是這一文化很難有強(qiáng)大的統(tǒng)一政權(quán)，因?yàn)槠皆鄙偬祀U(xiǎn)用于防御，容易被外族入侵。該文化缺少建筑物的遺跡，因?yàn)榇罅渴褂昧四静淖鳛榻ㄖ牧希静娜菀赘癄€，所以很難對(duì)該文化加以研究。不過，蘇美爾人留下了大量的石板文字可供研究。 5美索布達(dá)米婭文化 第一段：美文化和埃及文化同時(shí)，但因?yàn)槊赖牡赜蛳拗埔恢睕]有統(tǒng)一。（有題） 第二段：直到一種S人來統(tǒng)一，說了他們的來源和歷史，他們建立了一種s文化 第三段：S文化的實(shí)物遺跡少，這又兩方面原因：一當(dāng)?shù)厥喜回S富二當(dāng)?shù)厝藳]有厚葬的習(xí)慣。所以對(duì)S的了解主要基于文字。 第四段：在S文化中最重要的是宗教，每一個(gè)城市有一個(gè)local god, god無比神圣擁有一切，代表本城在她的fellow中議事。（有題）社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì)市場(chǎng)就是以寺廟為中心，由牧師組織交易，所以很多的牧師紀(jì)錄都與此有關(guān)。 神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞 （四道題）來源: 太傻網(wǎng)考試頻道整理　 時(shí)間: 2008年07月04日　 lecture神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞研究。教授說早期對(duì)人類大腦的研究集中在神經(jīng)細(xì)胞neuron，讓一男生起來回答上節(jié)課的主要內(nèi)容，男生說生物電生物電bioelectricity 通過神經(jīng)細(xì)胞傳導(dǎo)，通過兩個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的接觸點(diǎn)傳到下一個(gè)細(xì)胞，有趣的是。說到這里被教授打斷，說他答得已經(jīng)很完整了（有題，問教授打斷他的用意）。神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞glial cells的作用在早期被忽視了，人們認(rèn)為膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞只有支持神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的作用。后來人們發(fā)現(xiàn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞也有傳導(dǎo)信息的作用，不是通過生物電，而是化學(xué)物質(zhì)傳導(dǎo)。于是總共有三種傳導(dǎo)方式，神經(jīng)細(xì)胞間，膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞間，神經(jīng)和膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞互相傳導(dǎo)。而且發(fā)現(xiàn)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的數(shù)量及其巨大，遠(yuǎn)多于神經(jīng)細(xì)胞。同時(shí)還可能有修復(fù)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞，決定哪些神經(jīng)長(zhǎng)的大［記得可能不準(zhǔn)］。教授又說，膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞可能與智力有關(guān)，越多智商越高，但這不確定。教授說對(duì)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞的研究是一個(gè)很open up的領(lǐng)域，建議學(xué)生們可以考慮畢業(yè)后作深入研究（有題）。 重要：biology 講glial cell。以往人們對(duì)神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)的研究?jī)H限于neuron（神經(jīng)元），也叫nerve cell。神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)通過electrical munication從一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)傳到另一個(gè)結(jié)點(diǎn)，神經(jīng)元被認(rèn)為起主要作用，glial cell研究的很少，一直被忽略，被看作help the growth of neurons (出題)，起輔助作用。后來偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)大腦中g(shù)lial cell比neuron的數(shù)目多很多，glial cell引起了科學(xué)家的重視，開始研究它究竟起什么作用（此處出題，問glial cell怎么引起科學(xué)家注意的）。后來有一重大突破， 發(fā)現(xiàn)glial cell傳導(dǎo)信號(hào)不是用的electrical signal，而是用chemical conductor（一說chemical munication）（此處出題）。傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)一直誤以為glial cell也像nerve cell一樣用電信號(hào)。后來談到glial cell可能的作用：使人更intelligent。對(duì)glial cell的認(rèn)識(shí)目前十分有限，但相關(guān)研究已經(jīng)開始流行，是大家畢業(yè)之后可選的研究課題（此處出題） Glial cell is thought to help the growth of neurons. However, scientists accidentally discover that glial’s amount is much more than the neuron. So glial attract people’s attention. They use chemical conductor to municate with others. So glial to neuron, g to n, g to g, n to n are all available. In the past glial was thought to support nerve cell. Glial cells (神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞)and Neurons （神經(jīng)細(xì)胞）Glial cells, monly called neuroglia or simply glia, are nonneuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. In the human brain, glia are estimated to outnumber neurons by about 10 to 1.[1]Glial cells provide support and protection for neurons, the other main type of cell in the central nervous system. They are thus known as the glue膠水 of the nervous system. The four main functions of glial cells are to surround neurons and hold them in place固定, to supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons供養(yǎng), to insulate one neuron from another隔開, and to destroy pathogens and remove dead neurons破壞病菌，轉(zhuǎn)移死N.Glia was discovered in 1856 by the pathologist Rudolf Virchow in his search for a 39。connective tissue39。 in the human brain contains about ten times more glial cells than neurons. [1] Following