【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ng the rest of the paper. 引言 — 適度鋪陳研究的相關(guān)背景知識 ?作為正文的開篇，引言的質(zhì)量決定了讀者對論文的第一印象，因此，在 引言中如何表達作者的研究背景和目的，并引起讀者的閱讀興趣就顯得非常重要 ，即簡潔而清楚地解釋：為什么要選這個論題？這個論題為什么重要 ?目的是引導(dǎo)讀者進入論文的主題。 ?引言是說明論文的寫作背景、理由、主要研究成果及其與前人工作的關(guān)系。 基本內(nèi)容應(yīng)該包括研究背景、存在問題、和研究目的等三個方面。 引言 ?引言包含四個元素 ， 或者說四個組成部分 。 ? 1， 研究領(lǐng)域 。 ?是與本研究工作的有關(guān)的背景介紹 。 正確地估計研究課題的意義 。 應(yīng)用背景 。 ?也就是為什么要做這項工作 。 例如在基礎(chǔ)研究方面有何新意 ， 有何應(yīng)用前景 。 課題的意義估計不足 ， 說明作者的知識水平不高 ， 估計過分則顯得不夠嚴謹 。 ? 2， 前人工作 。 ?是詳盡，全面地介紹以前的相關(guān)工作。我們必須充分地闡述前人包括作者自己已經(jīng)做過的相關(guān)工作，以及和本論文的聯(lián)系。這一點需要引起特別的重視。有人以為講很多其他人的工作并引用許多文獻會降低本論文的重要性，原創(chuàng)性。實際效果常常相反。 沒有充分闡述研究工作的背景，不引用與本論文相關(guān)的重要文獻，審稿人至少會認為作者閱讀文獻不夠。 引言 ? 3， 問題所在 。 ?指出在相關(guān)領(lǐng)域尚待研究的 ， 也是本文準備涉及的問題 。 但是不要過分地批評他人的工作 。 ? 4, 本文貢獻 。 ?在引言部分要將本論文的要點簡潔明了地用一 ，二句話點出來 ， 以便讀者在讀論文主體前已經(jīng)有一個大概的印象 ， 這篇論文將圍繞什么主題來討論 。 一篇論文值得發(fā)表 ， 一定具有新的結(jié)果 。 一定是具有和任何前人所作工作不同的地方 。 ?最后 ， 我們必須強調(diào) ， 引言一定要用自己的話來寫 ， 而不是將人家論文中的引言部分照抄一遍 。 Materials and Methods撰寫 圍繞如何回答所提 科學(xué)問題 或檢驗 研究假設(shè) 展開 ? 研究設(shè)計 （病例 對照、隊列、臨床實驗；前瞻、回顧） ? 研究對象 （來源、納入排除標準、樣本量） ? 研究方法 （資料收集、樣本采集、檢測方法、質(zhì)控手段） ? 統(tǒng)計分析 （變量定義、指標計算、統(tǒng)計方法、分析工具） 技巧： 可采用亞標題、引用文獻、過去式描述 ? Not all types of papers include a Materials and Methods section. For example, researchoriented reviews, bookremending reviews or conference reports do not include detailed descriptions of methods because such reviews usually do not involve the conduction of experiments. ? Generally speaking, through this part of the paper, the authors attempt to provide the readers with sufficient amount of details of the experiment so that the lab work can be repeated. With regard to the materials, their sources and purities (for chemicals and reagents) with much precision must be defined。 plants, animals, microanisms and cell lines must be specified。 isolation, extraction, identification and purification procedures should be described and ethical protocols for both animal and human research must be followed. Methods should be described in detail if it is unmon or unknown to the readers, be outlined briefly with a reference if a particular method is welldescribed elsewhere, yet be only referred to if it has been wellestablished. Statistical methods in the analysis of data should be stated clearly without lengthy descriptions except when necessary. ? Write the Methods section in the past tense. It should not be written as if it were directions in a laboratory manual。 therefore, do not make a list of materials or give instructions on how to do something. Materials and Methods撰寫 Results撰寫 圍繞所開展研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的結(jié)果（圖、表）展開 ? 中心思想： 回答科學(xué)問題或可研假說 ? 展開順序： 邏輯順序、時間順序、主次順序 ? 展開方式： 簡明扼要、循序漸進、前后銜接、段落明確 ? 結(jié)果與方法相對應(yīng)： 樣本量、重要指標、統(tǒng)計量（ P） ? 圖表相結(jié)合： 前后一致，重點介紹、相應(yīng)補充 技巧： 可用亞標題、過去式、主動式（ We）為主、不引用文獻、客觀描述、不實施討論 Results撰寫 ? In this section, you present the data in a straightforward manner with no analysis of the reasons the results occurred or the biological meaning of the data (these ments are reserved for the Discussion). However, you should interpret the data (preferably statistically), highlight significant data and point out patterns, correlations, and generalizations that emerge. Also write this section using the past tense. ? Data are generally anized into tables and/or figures (graphs). Tables and figures must be acpanied by a caption and be referred to in the text. A Results section that includes only a table or a figure and no text is not acceptable. Unreduced, unsummarized, or “raw” data should not be included. The text describes the results presented in tables and figures, calling attention to significant data discussed later in the report. Do not repeat what is already clear to the reader from reviewing the tables and figures, which, if well constructed, will show both the results and experimental design. ? Summarize data in a form that allows the reader to easily see any correlations, relationships, or patterns that are important. Typical forms for doing this are tables and figures. Tables are made when it is important that specific values are shown (. means, standard deviations, etc.). Figures are made when it is more important to show trends or relationships of data. Certain requirements, however, must be met: Discussion撰寫 圍繞研究結(jié)果展開 ? 結(jié)果解讀： 歸納總結(jié)、旁征博引、演繹推斷 ? 闡明意義： 解決何種問題、有何挑戰(zhàn) ? 批判推廣： 研究局限性、偏倚，研究結(jié)果可靠及推廣程度、下一步研究方向 ? 謹慎作結(jié)： 針對結(jié)果、不拓展、不推斷，與前文一致！ 技巧：閱讀文獻 Discussion撰寫 ? Through this section, you intend to explain the meaning of the results, giving particular attention to the problem or hypothesis posed in the Introduction. You should address physical, chemical, and biological factors that may have affected the results. The way the results came out may be advantageous or disadvantageous to the biological system being considered (., cell, anism) and you should discuss this. To do this petently, you should be familiar with appropriate literature including books and journal articles. Compare the results to the background information and, in doing so, construct explanations why the results occurred. You should also explain differences from or similarities to any related experiments pleted by other workers. ? In constructing explanations, you reach the conclusions that explain the oute, and you support those conclusions with well reasoned arguments, and documentation from the scientific literature. I