【文章內容簡介】 ording to Pope, almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws amp。 rules. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth amp。 flexible, Poetry should be lyrical, epical, didactic, satiric or dramatic, amp。 drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines)。 the three unities of time, space amp。 action should be strictly observed。 regularity in construction should be adhered to, amp。 type characters rather than individuals should be represented. 4. His major works ? 1) The Rape of the Lock A delightful burlesque （滑稽的） of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady?s hair. ? 2) An Essay on Criticism His first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neoclassical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, mon sense amp。 the adherence to classical rules in writing amp。 criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence amp。therefore makes easy reading. ? 3） The Dunciad ? Generally considered Pope39。s best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning amp。 works at many levels. Its satire is directed at dullness in general, amp。 in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope39。s enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education amp。 even religion, is expertly exposed amp。 satirized. 5. His language style ? Pope39。s works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit, good sense amp。 charm of expression. After Shakespeare, he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems, developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful amp。wellbalanced style. 6. Selected Readings ? An Excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism. An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It consists of 744 lines amp。is divided into three parts. It sums up the art of poetry as up held amp。 practiced by the ancients like Aristotle, Horace, Boileau, etc. amp。 the eighteenth century European classicists. In Part 2, Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style. ? 1. Pope?s point of view on poetry criticism is best shown in his An Essays on Criticism. He emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion and good taste. He calls on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance. He advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language, but to pay special attention to true wit which is best set in a plain style. Pope?s point of view on poetry criticism and the characteristics of his own poetry: ? 2. Pope?s poem strictly follows his idea of neoclassicism. He developed a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful and wellbalanced style, and finally brought to its last perfection of the heroic couplet. II. Daniel Defoe ? 1. His life English novelist amp。 journalist, born in London, England, 1660, and died in London, Apr. 26,1731. Like Pope, he never went to university, but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies. He started as a small merchant amp。 all his life his business underwent many ups amp。 downs amp。 yet he was never beaten. Defoe also had a zest(熱情 ) for politics. He wrote quite a number of pamphlets on the current political issues. 6. The main writers: ? : Italian word novella, roman ? Novel: romance, a fictional prose narrative for entertainment ? of novel: epicromancenovel Novels ? of novel: story: a series of happenings arranged in the natural temporal order as they occur character: hero (heroine, protagonist, antagonist), main character, minor character, foil plot: a particular arrangement of happenings in the novel that is aimed at revealing their causal relationships or at conveying the novelist?s ideas. The king died and then the queen died. theme: the controlling idea or its central insight of the novel setting: a particular time and space in which an events occurs and a character exists narrative point of view: first person and third person 2. His social outlook ? As a member of the middle class, Defoe spoke for amp。 to the members of his class amp。 his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hardworking, sturdy middle class amp。 showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor. 3. His major works ? The Shortest Way with the Dissenters. His works are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lowerclass people. ? The Trueborn Englishman ? The Review ? Robinson Crusoe (most famous of his work, his masterpiece) 魯濱遜漂流記 ? Captain Singleton辛格頓船長 ? Moll Flanders莫爾弗蘭德斯 ? Colonel Jack ? Roxana ? A Journal of the Plague Year. 大疫年日記 Hymn to the Pillory枷刑頌 。 4. Characteristics of his works ? Defoe was a very good storyteller. He had a gift for anizing minute （ adj. 1 極小的 。 極少的 2 極詳細的 。 準確的 , 精確的） details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credibleamp。 fascinating. ? His sentences are sometimes short, crisp amp。 plain, amp。 sometimes long amp。 rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narration. ? His language is smooth, easy, colloquial amp。 mostly vernacular.