高級植物生理學(xué)課件緒論(編輯修改稿)
2025-01-31 17:41 本頁面
【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 they must be reduced before utilized by plant metabolism ? Few group of plant can obtain NH4+ from N2 by symbiosis nitrogen fixing process ? Nitrate uptaking by plant is mediated by high and low proton symporters NRT1 and NRT2 And it was reduced by nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase to amommonium for amino acid synthesis ? Sulfur which derived and reduced from sulfate , is essential for life. many enzymes for sulfate reduction and sulfur assimilation in plant has been defined and mechanisms for regulation was revealed 第四章植物鉀的代謝 。它的功能： K+能促進(jìn)細(xì)胞內(nèi)酶的活性。細(xì)胞內(nèi)有 50多種酶或完全依賴于K+ ，或受 K+的激活，如丙酮酸激酶、谷胱合成酶、 6磷酸果糖激酶等能被 K+激活。作用方式為：同其他一價(jià)陽離子都是通過誘導(dǎo)酶構(gòu)象的改變，使酶得到活化，從而提高催化反應(yīng)的速率。在某些情況下 K+能增加酶對底物的親和力。K+對膜結(jié)合 ATP酶也有激活作用。 +與蛋白質(zhì)的合成有關(guān)。小麥胚芽中分離出的核糖體，合成蛋白質(zhì)達(dá)到最佳速率時(shí)，其所需 K+濃度為 130mM。 3 ． K+可能參與 tRNA與核糖體結(jié)合過程中的幾個(gè)步驟。 4 ． K+能調(diào)節(jié)植物體的許多生理功能，如增強(qiáng)植物光合作用，增強(qiáng)植株體內(nèi)物質(zhì)合成和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)，提高植物抗性，維持細(xì)胞膨壓等。 一、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)途徑 1 ．真核生物細(xì)胞膜上存在 Na+ K+ ATPase，高親和 K+吸收轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體和組織特異性的 K+通道。 2 ．原核生物中至少有 4種功能上獨(dú)立的 K+轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)。 第五章植物的磷代謝 ? 磷是植物生長發(fā)育不可缺少的大量營養(yǎng)元素之一，是植物的重要組成部分，同時(shí)又以多種方式參與植物體內(nèi)各種生理生化過程，對促進(jìn)植物的生長發(fā)育和新陳代謝起重要作用 ? 我國農(nóng)田中有 2/3嚴(yán)重缺磷。原因： 被酸性土壤中的鐵鋁氧化物及石灰性土壤中的碳酸鈣化合物固定，成為難被利用的固態(tài)磷。如石灰性土壤中磷肥當(dāng)季利用率一般只有 10％左右。 —土壤磷的遺傳學(xué)缺乏。實(shí)際上，酸性紅黃壤與石灰性土壤中總磷一般比有效磷高幾百倍。 土壤中的總磷很低 —土壤學(xué)缺磷（本質(zhì)缺磷）。 ? 高親和磷酸鹽吸收轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體基因及表達(dá) 分離到的基因 AtPT AtPT PHT PHT PHT pht1。其中前兩者是最早分離到的高親和磷酸鹽吸收轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)體基因。 第六章光合作用（海梅榮） ? The overall process of plant, algae ,and prokaryotes directly using light as energy to synthesize anic chemicals ? In eukaryotic anism photosynthesis is occurred in chloroplast and its is posed of “l(fā)ight” and “dark” reaction ? Light reaction involved photosynthetic pigments ,photosynthetic proton transporter chain and ATP synthesis machinery ? Dark reaction is process involving reduction CO2 to carbohydrates ? For surviving plant developed C3 C4 and CAM pathways Photosynthesis H2O CO2 O2 C6H12O6 Light Reaction Dark Reaction Light is Adsorbed By Chlorophyll Which splits water Chloroplast ATP and NADPH2 ADP NADP Calvin Cycle Energy Used Energy and is recycled. + + ＡＴＰ＋ ＮＡＤＰＨ 第七章植物基因工程 ? Transgenic plants have potential to impact many areas, including our food supply and our healthcare system and basic research ? There is no doubt that the technology works ? It is essential that proper testing of all products be carried out prior to mercialization. ? Popular transformation method is Agrobacterium tumefacis mediate method and its mechanisms Genes and Proteins Gene (a piece of DNA) trait protein translation mRNA transcription Restriction enzymes As biological scissors “Gene Gun” Technique DNA coated golden particles Gene gun Cell division A plant cell with the new gene Transgenic plant Plant cell Cell’s DNA Duracell DNA containing the gene of interest Plant cell Protoplast Electroporation Technique Power supply DNA inside the plant cell The plant cell with the new gene Plant Expression Vector Mono Vector System Two ponent Vector system ? Genes = the coding system for instructions ? A gene = is a segment of DNA Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Thymine (T) bases DNA DNA and Genes gene Restric
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