【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 electionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec 效制度的建構(gòu)，這在 19 世紀(jì)法典化的過程中體現(xiàn)得尤其明顯。 (二 )原因解釋 盡管近現(xiàn)代民法尤其是債法受羅馬法影響很深，但一旦回到羅馬法的概念分析 和制度考察，我們就必須保持充分的審慎和足夠的耐心，否則就難免陷人“簡單化解釋”或“主觀化解釋”的困境，從而忽視羅馬法自身的歷史性和復(fù)雜性。本文關(guān)注的問題是 :為什么羅馬法對于“違反禁止規(guī)范的契約效力問題”作如此簡單處理 ? 即“次完善法律”和“不完善法律”的時期不關(guān)注合同的“無效”，而在“完善法律”時期和“狄奧多西法律”時期則斷定合同“一概無效” ?[10] 首先值得注意的是，羅馬法中的強制性規(guī)范在數(shù)量上、范圍上均和近現(xiàn)代法有所差異。羅馬法淵源于制定法 (Lex)、執(zhí)法官告示和法學(xué)家解釋。制定法在私法發(fā) 展方面的作用比較小，從《十二表法》制定到共和國結(jié)束，只有《阿奎利亞法》等三十幾個制定法對私法產(chǎn)生過較大影響。執(zhí)法官告示雖對羅馬法的發(fā)展和完善起過更為重要的改造作用，但就如帕比尼安在《學(xué)說匯纂》中所宣稱的那樣 :裁判官法是對市民法 [11]的支持、補充和修正，它對私法尤其是契約的影響也民事訴訟法論文 大。 [12]根據(jù)《學(xué)說匯纂》的描述，法學(xué)家致力于創(chuàng)造、解釋的是不成文的法，即市民法 (D. 1. )。由此可以看出，試圖從羅馬法SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraphFormatLineSpaci2222222222222222222222ngLinesToPoints2SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraphFccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPoctionParagraSelec SelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointselectionParagraaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesTSelectionParbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbagraphFoLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointse11111111111111111111111111111111lectionParagraphFormatLineSpacingLinesToPointsSelectionParagraphFor