【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 ills to make long boats and show the races and the battles that they took part in long ago. All this helps keep the skills and the technology of the island people alive.必修五Unit 1 JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERAJohn Snow was a famous doctor in London—so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1845, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighborhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16,37, 38 and 40) . He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water panies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated. COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONARY THEORYNicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in the loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was plete.In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God’s idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus’ theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things tell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus3 擬建項(xiàng)目情況國(guó)家將可再生能源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用列為能源發(fā)展的優(yōu)先領(lǐng)域，通過(guò)制定可再生能源開(kāi)發(fā)利用總量目標(biāo)和采取相應(yīng)措施，推動(dòng)可再生能源市場(chǎng)的建立和發(fā)展。　國(guó)家鼓勵(lì)各種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)主體參與可再生能源的開(kāi)發(fā)利用，依法保護(hù)可再生能源開(kāi)發(fā)利用者的合法權(quán)益。《中華人民共和國(guó)可再生能源法》規(guī)定：電網(wǎng)企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)與依法取得行政許可或者報(bào)送備案的可再生能源發(fā)電企業(yè)簽訂并網(wǎng)協(xié)議，全額收購(gòu)其電網(wǎng)覆蓋范圍內(nèi)可再生能源并網(wǎng)發(fā)電項(xiàng)目的上網(wǎng)電量，并為可再生能源發(fā)電提供上網(wǎng)服務(wù)?！币虼丝稍偕茉错?xiàng)目的建設(shè)規(guī)模主要取決于原、燃料的供應(yīng)情況。 遼寧中稻股份有限公司的建設(shè)目標(biāo)為國(guó)內(nèi)最大的稻谷加工企業(yè)，年深加工稻谷的能力為60萬(wàn)噸，年產(chǎn)生稻殼12萬(wàn)噸，一期規(guī)模時(shí)年產(chǎn)生稻殼6萬(wàn)噸。本項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)規(guī)模按每小時(shí)處理稻殼6噸考慮。 工藝流程的確定遼寧中稻股份有限公司在生產(chǎn)流程中需要大量蒸汽，因此，本項(xiàng)目的設(shè)計(jì)原則是在滿(mǎn)足生產(chǎn)用蒸汽的前提下，采用先進(jìn)、成熟的工藝流程，獲取最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 熱負(fù)荷遼寧中稻股份有限公司蒸汽消耗量見(jiàn)表31。表31 蒸汽消耗量（t/h）項(xiàng)目采暖期非采暖期