【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 ormance as producer. 考試直通車 Critics argue that the public provision of certain goods is inefficient and have proposed that the private sector should replace many current public sector activities, that is, these services should be privatized. Since 1980s, greater privatization efforts have been pursued in the United States. 考試直通車 Concurrent with this trend has been a strong endorsement(support) by international bilateral donor(aid) agencies for heavier reliance on the private sector in developing countries. The underlying claim is that the private sector can improve the quality of outputs and deliver goods more quickly and less expensively than the public sector in these countries. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 This claim, however, has mixed theoretical support and little empirical verification in the Third World. The political, institutional, and economic environments of developing nations are markedly different from those of developed countries. It is not clear that the theories and empirical evidence that claim to justify privatization in developed countries are applicable to developing nations. Often policy makers in developing nations do not have sufficient information to design effective policy shifts to increase efficiency of providing goods through private initiatives. Additionally, there is a lack of basic understanding about what policy variables need to be altered to attain desired outes of privatization in developing countries. 考試直通車 One study of privatization in Honduras examined the policy shift from “direct administration” to “contracting out” for three construction activities: urban upgrading for housing projects, rural primary schools, and rural roads. It tested key hypotheses applying to the effectiveness of privatization, focusing on three aspects: cost, time, and quality. 考試直通車 The main finding was that contracting out in Honduras did not lead to the mon expectations of its proponents because institutional barriers and limited petitiveness in the marketplace have prevented private contractors from improving quality and reducing the time and cost required for construction. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 Privatization in developing countries cannot produce goods and services efficiently without substantial reform in the market and regulatory procedures. Policy makers interested in privatization as a policy measure should consider carefully the multiple objectives at the national . It can be inferred from the text that economic purists 考試直通車 \[A\] oppose shifting goods from public to private. 考試直通車 \[B\] support the substantial reform of privatization. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 \[C\] approve privatization only in developed nations. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 \[D\] have a strict description of public merchandise. 考試直通車 32. Since 1980s, there has been 考試直通車 \[A\] broad international support for privatization. 考試直通車 \[B\] much evidence for privatization in poor nations. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 \[C\] endorsement for privatization of donor agencies. 考試直通車 \[D\] maximum dependence on private capital in the .. 考試直通車 33. The authorities of developing nations seem incapable of 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 \[A\] attaining political stability. 考試直通車 \[B\] making major policy shifts. 考試直通車 \[C\] upgrading basic urban economy. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 \[D\] enhancing production efficiency. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 34. The author?s appraisal of Honduras study implies that in developing countries 考試直通車 \[A\] direct administration of services requires more capital. 考試直通車 \[B\] their marketplace system leaves much to be desired. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 \[C\] privatization is politically unfit for their economies. 考研資料下載 \[D\] new facilities rather than contracting out are needed. 考試直通車 35. The author?s primary intention is to 考試直通車 \[A\] outline major hindrance to privatization in developing nations. 學(xué)習(xí)資料下載 \[B\] offer a solution for the future course of economic policy shifts. 考研資料下載 \[C\] justify heavier reliance on the private sector in the Third World. 考研資料下載 \[D\] explain requirements for privatization of the Third World economies. 考試直通車 Text4 考試直通車 Many critics of the current welfare system argue that existing welfare regulations foster family instability. They maintain that those regulations which exclude most poor husband and wife families from Aid to Families with Dependent Children(AFDC) assistance grants, contribute to the problem of family dissolution. Thus, they conclude that expanding the set of families eligible for family assistance plans or guaranteed ine measures would result in a marked strengthening of the low ine family structure. 考試直通車 If all poor families could receive welfare, would the incidence of instability change markedly? The answer to this question depends on the relative importance of three categories of potential welfare recipients. The first is the “cheater”—the husband who is reported to have abandoned his family but in fact disappears only when the social caseworker is in the neighborhood. The second consists of a loving husband and devoted father leaves so that his wife and children may enjoy the relative benefit provided by public assistance. There is very little evidence that these categories are significant The third category is the unhappily married couple, who remain together out of a sense of economic responsibility for their children, because of the high costs of separation, or because of the consumption benefit of marriage. This group is large. The formation, maintenance, and dissolution of the family is in large part a function of the relative balance between the benefits and costs of marriage as seen by the individual members of the marriage. The major benefit generated by the creation of a family is the expansion of the set of consumption possibilities. The benefits from such a partnership depend largely on the relative dissimilarity of the resources or