【文章內(nèi)容簡介】 1）as, （just） as…so…引導的方式狀語從句通常位于主句后，但在（just） as…so…結構中位于句首，這時as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是正如…，就像，多用于正式文體。例如：　 Always do to the others as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。　　As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我們離不開空氣，猶如魚兒離不開水?！ust as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.　 正如打掃房屋一樣，我們也要掃除我們頭腦中落后的東西。2）as if, as though　 兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語從句謂語多用虛擬語氣，表示與事實相反，有時也用陳述語氣，表示所說情況是事實或實現(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作仿佛……似的，好像……似的。例如：　 They pletely ignore these facts as if （as though） they never existed. 他們完全忽略了這些事實，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）　　He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting. 他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實相反，謂語用虛擬語氣。）　 It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon. 看來天氣很快就會好起來。（實現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語用陳述語氣。）　 說明：as if / as though也可以引導一個分詞短語、不定式短語或無動詞短語。例如：　 He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. 他目不轉睛地看著我，就像第一次看見我似的?！e cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要說什么似的。　The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. 波濤沖擊著巖石，好像很憤怒。 原因狀語從句 比較because, since, as和for： 1）because語勢最強，用來說明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的問題。當原因是顯而易見的或已為人們所知，就用as或 since。例如：　 I didn39。t go, because I was afraid. 我不去是因為我怕?！? Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey. 天氣那么糟，旅行推遲了。2）由because引導的從句如果放在句末，且前面有逗號，則可以用for來代替。但如果不是說明直接原因，而是多種情況加以推斷，就只能用for。例如：　 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. 他今天缺席，因為他病了。　 He must be ill, for he is absent today. 他一定病了，所以今天缺席。 目的狀語從句 　 表示目的狀語的從句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等詞引導。例如：　 You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. 你必須大點聲，別人就能聽見了?！?He wrote the name down for fear that（lest） he should forget it. 他寫下了這個名字以免以后忘記?！?Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold. 最好多穿點衣服，以防天發(fā)冷。　　 結果狀語從句 　結果狀語從句常由so…that 或 such…that引導。so…that與such…that之間可以轉換。例如：　　 The boy is so young that he can39。t go to school. 這男孩年齡太小，不能上學?！? He is such a young boy that he can39。t go to school 條件狀語從句 　連接詞主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。if 引導的條件句有真實條件句和非真實條件句兩種。非真實條件句已在虛擬語氣中闡述。　 unless = if not.　 例如：　 Let39。s go out for a walk unless you are too tired. 如果不太累，我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉?。? If you are not too tied, let39。s go out for a walk.典型例題You will be late ___ you leave immediately.　 A. unless　 B. until　 C. if　　D. or　 答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否則你就回遲到的?？赊D化為 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late。B、D句意不對，or表轉折，句子如為 You leave immediately or you will be late. 讓步狀語從句 1）though, although引導的讓步狀語從句，后面的從句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可連用。例如：Although it39。s raining, they are still working in the field.　雖然在下雨，但他們?nèi)栽诘乩锔苫??！　? He is very old, but he still works very hard. 雖然他很老了，但仍然努力地工作。Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain. 傷口雖愈合，但傷疤留下了。（諺語）2） as, though 引導的讓步從句必須表語或狀語提前（形容詞、副詞、分詞、實義動詞提前）。例如：Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.雖然是個小孩，該做什么不做什么，他全知道。3） ever if, even though　即使。例如：　　 We39。ll make a trip even though the weather is bad. 即使天氣不好，我們也要去遠足。4） whether…or…　不管……都。例如：　　 Whether you believe it or not, it is true. 信不信由你，這確實是真的。5）　no matter +疑問詞 或疑問詞+后綴ever 。例如：　　 No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind. 不管發(fā)生什么，他不在意?！　　√鎿Q：no matter what = whatever　　　　 no matter who = whoever　　　　 no matter when = whenever　　　　 no matter where = wherever　　　　 no matter which = whichever　　　　 no matter how = however　 注意：no matter 不能引導主語從句和賓語從句?！? （錯）No matter what you say is of no use now.　 （對）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你現(xiàn)在說什么也沒用了。（Whatever you say是主語從句）　?。ㄥe）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they39。re given, 　 （對）Prisoners have to eat whatever they39。re 。 比較while, when, as 1）as, when 引導短暫性動作的動詞。例如：　　　 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me. 我一剎車，有一個人向我走來。2）當從句的動作發(fā)生于主句動作之前，只能用when 引導這個從句，不可用as 或 while。例如：　　　 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest. 趕完活后，你可以休息一下。3）從句表示隨時間推移連詞能用as，不用when 或while。例如：　　　 As the day went on, the weather got worse.　日子一天天過去，天氣越變越壞。 比較until和till 　　此兩個連詞意義相同?？隙ㄐ问奖硎镜囊馑际亲瞿呈轮敝聊硶r，動詞必須是延續(xù)性的。否定形式表達的意思是直至某時才做某事。動詞為延續(xù)性或非延續(xù)性都可以。正確使用這兩個連詞的關鍵之一就在于判斷句中的動詞該用肯定式還是否定式?？隙ň洌篒 slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜時醒了。　　 Wait till I call you. 等著我叫你。（在肯定句中可用before代替。例如 Let39。s get in the wheat before the sun sets.）　 否定句：She didn39。t arrive until 6 o39。clock. 她直到6點才到?！? Don39。t get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽車停穩(wěn)后再下車。I didn39。t manage to do it until you had explained how. 直到你教我后，我才會做。 區(qū)別：1）until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。例如：　　 Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened. 直到你告訴我以前，出了什么事我一點也不知道?！　? 2）until when 疑問句中，until要放在句首。例如：　 Until when are you staying?　你呆到什么時候？ Until next Monday.　呆到下周一?！∽⒁猓悍穸ň淇捎昧硗鈨煞N句式表示。1）Not until…在句首，主句用倒裝。例如：　　 Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is. 直到19 世紀初，人類才知道熱為何物?！　? 　　Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到工作，才認識到我已蹉跎了幾多歲月。2）It is not until… that… 。例如： It was not until I began to work that I realized how much time I had wasted. 表示一…就…的結構 　 hardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than　和as soon as都可以表示一…就…的意思。例如：　 I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain. 剛回家，就下起雨來了?！? I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.　 As soon as I got home, it began to rain.　 注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必須用倒裝結構。例如：　 Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.　 No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.20. 連詞 　　連詞不能獨立擔任句子成分而只起連接詞與詞，短語與短語以及句與句的作用。連詞主要可分為兩類：并列連詞和從屬連詞。并列連詞用來連接平行的詞、詞組和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, （and）then等等。 并列連詞與并列結構 　 并列連詞引導兩個并列的詞、詞組或句子。1）　and 與or　 判斷改錯：（錯）They sat down and talk about something.　 （錯）They started to dance and sang.