【正文】 。,2.1 有關(guān)(yǒuguān)名詞,TG1：G1期的持續(xù)時(shí)間 TG2：G2期的持續(xù)時(shí)間 TS： S期的持續(xù)時(shí)間 TM： M期的持續(xù)時(shí)間 TC： 一個(gè)細(xì)胞周期的持續(xù)時(shí)間 PLM：標(biāo)記的有絲分裂(yǒu sī fēn li232。 開始出現(xiàn)標(biāo)記M期細(xì)胞時(shí)，表示(biǎosh236。這是短命蛋白質(zhì)和一些異常蛋白質(zhì)降解(ji224。ir243。,第七十七頁，共八十一頁。)收集，則可獲得一定數(shù)量的中期細(xì)胞。n),第七十頁，共八十一頁。nb225。,p53 gene, cancer risk and aging in mice,p53 alleles in this mouse strain: + = wild type = loss of function m = mutation,Good news! The m allele appears to confer resistance to tumors (6% vs 45%) Bad News! The m allele appears to have a cost in terms of aging (die off sooner than p53+/+ wild types),第五十四頁，共八十一頁。j236。,4.細(xì)胞周期檢查點(diǎn),檢查點(diǎn)是檢查和控制細(xì)胞周期進(jìn)程的信號(hào)通路。i)的降解,泛素被稱為蛋白質(zhì)降解標(biāo)簽，結(jié)合了泛素的蛋白質(zhì)能被26S蛋白酶體識(shí)別并分解成短肽； 這是短命(duǎn m236。bāo)進(jìn)入S 期和調(diào)控G2/ M 的轉(zhuǎn)變。,Cdk activating kinase(CAK),Cdk7和CyclinH 一起形成(x237。,中期細(xì)胞(x236。) 分裂準(zhǔn)備,第十三頁，共八十一頁。,細(xì)胞周期 的主要(zhǔy224。,前言(qi225。,細(xì)胞周期,細(xì)胞周期調(diào)控(di224。)決定 晚G1期：復(fù)制準(zhǔn)備,細(xì)胞周期時(shí)間的長短主要(zhǔy224。ngt224。,The Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet has awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine jointly to Leland Hartwell, Tim Hunt and Paul Nurse for their discoveries of “key regulators of the cell cycle“. Using genetic and biochemical methods, they identified the molecules CDK and cyclin that control the cell cycle in eukaryotic organisms. These fundamental discoveries have a profound impact on many aspects of biology and medicine.,CDK and cyclin are key molecules that control and coordinate DNAsynthesis, chromosome separation and cell division. CDK and cyclin together drive the cell from one cell cycle phase to the next.,第二十頁，共八十一頁。,Cdk抑制(y236。,Cdc25 的作用(zu242。)過程,泛素先被合成為一種沒有活性的前體，之后在C端水解酶的作用下暴露雙Gly位點(diǎn)而進(jìn)行成熟化。,細(xì)胞周期檢控(jiǎn k242。,表皮生長因子 轉(zhuǎn)化生長因子α/ β 骨形成蛋白(d224。i)1/2,Cdc25,激活,激活,磷酸化,出核降解，防止Cdk1磷酸化抑制的解除,Waf1/Cip1,磷酸化激活,Cdk1磷酸化抑制,第五十五頁，共八十一頁。,Insertional Mutagenesis of Cyclin A in Liver Cancer,Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 3:11, 1993,Consequence: Protein is not degraded Cyclin A overexpressed,第六十三頁，共八十一頁。ixi232。)細(xì)胞所占的比例 TDR：胸腺嘧啶核苷（Thymine Deoxyriboside, TDR ），是DNA的特異前體，能被S期細(xì)胞攝入，而摻進(jìn)DNA中。)處于S期最后階段的細(xì)胞，已渡過G2