【正文】 trast Venography: The gold standard methods to reveal whether the venous supply has been obstructed.,Deep vein thrombosis,(a) direct manual contrast injection into the guiding catheter (direct venography technique, DVT) and (b) occlusion of coronary sinus by a SwanGanz catheter .,第二十五頁(yè)，共四十六頁(yè)。,Causes,Independent Risk Factors for DVT,Age is an independent risk factor for thrombotic disease. The majority of venous thrombi occur in either the superficial or deep veins of the leg. A DVT is stationary clotting blood adhered to the deep vein of the pelvis or an extremity and usually occurs in the calf or thigh. VTE denotes an obstruction arising from the formation of a clot in the venous circulation carried by the blood from the site of origin to plug another vessel.,Deep vein thrombosis,第十頁(yè)，共四十六頁(yè)。,What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis?,The earliest case of DVT was described around 600900 BC. At some point, the increased incidence of DVT in women after childbirth was noticed, and in the late 1700s, a public health recommendation was issued to encourage women to breast feed as a means to prevent this phenomenon。,Signs and symptoms,Common signs and symptoms of DVT include： √ Pain … √ Swelling… √ Warmth… √ Redness or discoloration… √ Distention of surface veins…,Deep vein thrombosis,第十三頁(yè)，共四十六頁(yè)。,Diagnosis,Deep vein thrombosis,第二十八頁(yè)，共四十六頁(yè)。,References,Deep vein thrombosis,Pubmed: Wikipedia: Google: The Cleveland Clinic:,第四十四頁(yè)，共四十六頁(yè)。,Prevention,Approximately twothirds of all DVT events result from hospitalization, yet only one third of all hospitalized patients at risk receive adequate prophylaxis. PE is the most common preventable cause of hospital death in the US. Without prophylaxis, the incidence of hospitalacquired DVT is 10% to 20% among medical patients and higher (15% to 40%) among surgical patients.,Deep vein thrombosis,第四十頁(yè)，共四十六頁(yè)。,Diagnosis,Dopler Ultrasound,Deep vein thrombosis,第二十四頁(yè)，共四十六頁(yè)。,Causes,The blood flow pattern in the valves can cause hypoxemia, which is worsened by venous stasis, activates pathways ones that include hypoxiainducible factor1and earlygrowthresponse protein 1. Hypoxiainducible factor1 and earlygrowthresponse protein 1 contribute to monocyte association with endothelial proteins, such as Pselectin, prompting monocytes to release tissue factorfilled microvesicles, which presumably begin clotting after binding to the endothelial surface.[9],Deep vein thrombosis,第九頁(yè)，共四十六頁(yè)。 the DVT was called “milk leg“, as i