【正文】 vocabulary. So by the 1600’s Shakespeare was abl e to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before. In 1620 som e Bri ti sh setlers m oved to Am eri can. Later in the 18th century som e Bri ti sh peopl e were taken to Australi a too. Engl ish began to be spoken i n both countri es. Fi nal ly by the 19th century the l anguage was settl ed. At that tim e two bi g changes i n Engli sh spel li ng happened: fi rst Sam uel Johnson wrote hi s di cti onary and later Noah Webster wrote The Am erican Di cti onary of the Engli sh Language. The l ater gave a separate i dentity to Ameri can Engli sh spel li ng. Engli sh now i s al so spoken as a forei gn or second language i n South Asia. For exam pl e, Indi a has a very l arge number of fl uent Engli sh speakers because Bri tain ruled Indi a from 1765 to 1947. duri ng that tim e Engli sh became the language for government and educati on. Engli sh i s also spoken i n Singapore and Malaysi a and countri es i n Afri ca such as South Afri ca. Today the number of peopl e learni ng Engl ish in Chi na i s i ncreasi ng rapi dl y. In fact, China may have the l argest num ber of Engl ish l earners. Wil l Chi nese Engli sh devel op its own i dentity? O nl y tim e wil tel l. STAN DARD EN GLISH AN D DIALECTS What is standard Engl ish? Is i t spoken i n Bri tai n, the US, Canada, Austral ia, India and N ew Zeal and? Bel i eve it or not, there i s no such thi ng as standard Engl ish. Many people beli eve the Engli sh spoken on TV and the radi o i s standard Engli sh. This i s because i n the early days of radio, those who reported the news were expected to speak excel lent English. H owever, on TV and the radio you wil hear di ferences i n the way people speak. When people use words and expressions different from the “standard language”, it is caled a dial ect. Am erican Engl ish has m any di al ects, especi al l y the Mi dwestern, southern, Afri can Am eri can and Spani sh di al ects. Even i n som e parts of the USA, two peopl e from nei ghbouri ng towns speak a l i ttl e di fferentl y. Am eri can Engl i sh has s o m any di al ects because peopl e have e from al l over the worl d. Geography al so pl ays a part i n m aki ng di al ects. Som e peopl e who 必修一 Uni t 1 ANNE’S BEST FRIEND Do you want a fri end whom you coul d tel l everythi ng to, li ke your deepest feli ngs and thoughts? Or are you afrai d that your fri end woul d laugh at you, or woul d not understand what you are goi ng through? Anne Frank wanted the fi rst kind, so she m ade her best fri end. Anne l ived in Amsterdam in N etherlands duri ng Woul d WarⅡ .H er fami ly was Jewi sh so they had to hide or they woul d be caught by the Germ an N azi . She and her fami ly hi d away for nearl y twentyfi ve months before they were discovered. During that tim e the onl y true friend was her diary. She said ,”I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary as m ost peopl e do , but I want this diary itsel f to be m y friend, and I shal cal l m y friend Kitty . ”Now read how she fel t after being i n the hiding place si nce July 1942. Thursday 15th June 1944 Dear Kitty, I wonder if it’s because I haven’t been abl e to be outdoors for so l ong that I’ve grown so crazy about everything to do with nature. I can wel rem em ber that there was a tim e when a dep blue sky, the song of the birds, m oonlight and fl owers could never have kept m e spel bound. That’s changed si nce I was here. …For example, one evening when it was so warm , I stayed awake on purpose until half past el even in order to have a good l ook at the m on by m yself. But as the m on gave far too much l ight, I didn’t dare open a window. Another tim e five m onths ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open. I didn’t go downstairs until the window had to be shut. The dark, rai ny eveni ng, the wi nd, the thunderi ng cl ouds hel d m e entirel y i n thei r power。 i t was the first tim e i n a year and a hal f that I’d seen the night face to face…. …Sadly…I am onl y abl e to l ook at nature through dirty curtains hanging before very dusty windows. it’s no pleasure l ooking through these any longer because nature is one thing that real y m ust be experienced. Your, Anne Fri day, 10 July 1942 When we arived at Prinsengracht, we went qui ckl y upstai rs and the hi di ng pl ace. We cl osed the dor behi nd us and we were alone. Margot had e faster on her bicycl e and already waiting for us. Al l the rooms were ful of boxes. They lay on the floor and the beds. The li ttl e rom was fi l ed wi th bedcl othes. We had to start cl earing up at once, i f we wi shed to sl eep i n fortabl e beds that ni ght. Mummy and Margot were not abl e to help. They were ti red and lay down on thei r beds. But Daddy and I, the two “hel per” of the family, started at once. The whol e day we unpacked the boxes, fil led the cupboards and tidied, until we were extrem el y tired. We did sl ep in cl ean beds that night. We hadn’t had any warm food to eat al l day, but we didn’t care. Mumm y and Margot were too tired and woried to eat, and Daddy and I were too busy. FRIENDSH IP IN H AWAII Every cul ture has its own ways to show friendship. On the isl ands of H awai, friendship is part of the “al oha spirit”. In the language of the H awaians who first settl ed the isl ands l ong ago, al oha had a very special m eaning. That is “to be with hapines”. Hawai ans bel ieve that once som ebody l oves the l and, they are ready to l ove thei r peopl e or muni ty. Thi s i s the second m ost im port sign of friendship. It is cal ed l okahi n H awaian language, which m eans “oneness with al l peopl e”. To enjoy the l and you shoul d not be sel fi sh. The land is for everyone who l ives on i t. Today many di fferent people cal H awai thei r hom e. Indeed, Hawai i s a place where peopl e make one bi g m uni ty from m any sm al er m uni ti es. Each person gi ves kokua (hel p) to other