【正文】 ly as good as most qualitative measures. A further advantage is replicability. The fact that experiments are replicable is a powerful tool for creating consensus about the fact and their interpretation in the scientific munity.In fact, experiments conducted in the field by anthropologists may actually have two large advantages pared to lab experiments in Western countries which usually (though not always) use college students as experimental subjects. First, since anthropologists are in the field for long periods of time, the cost of collecting data is rather low. (Most contributors to this volume often noted that the experiment was unusually fun for participants, probably more so than for college students raised in a world of Nintendo, 500channel cable TV, and web surfing.) Second, the amount of funds budgeted by granting agencies in developed countries for subject payments typically have extraordinary purchasing power in primitive societies. As a result, it is easy for anthropologists to test whether people behave differently for very large stakes, such as a week or month of wages, pared to low stakes. Such parisons are important for generalizing to highstakes economic activity, but are often prohibitively expensive in developed countries. 5. Conclusions Game theory has proved useful in a wide range of social sciences in two ways: By providing a taxonomy of social situations which parse the social world。在其他情況下，這些人花費資源來增加別人的回報。接下來我們首先在廣泛的術語中草擬理論。在博弈論中最核心的概念是納什均衡。另一個優(yōu)點是可重復性。因為人類學家往往對社會規(guī)范和偏好如何出現(xiàn)、發(fā)展和各不相同的文化感興趣，這些博弈能夠為做實證研究的人類學家提供一個有力的工具。這種觀點的一個重要的修改是，進化沒有配備所有的人具有相同的硬連線的本能進行博弈，而替以創(chuàng)造學習社會規(guī)范的能力。博弈論由兩個不同理論組成：（1）使用博弈作為一種語言或分類來解析社會；（2）通過假設參與者最大化預期“效用”（自我價值）的重要性獲得關于參與者如何進行一次博弈的精確預測，預先計劃，并形成對其他參與者類似行為的猜想。社會偏好的性質可能將對維持共享食物的社會機制產生很大影響。“社會偏好”指的是人們如何排序物質回報給自己和別人不同的分配。自私自利的人只關心自己的物質回報。例如，如果許多人在一個社會中表現(xiàn)出不平等厭惡或互惠，他們將有意愿去懲罰那些不愿意分享失誤的人，因此沒有正式的機制來管理食品共享。第二理論主導博弈論教科書和期刊。后者的觀點可以解釋為什么不同的文化會有不同的規(guī)范。除了測量社會偏好和社會規(guī)范，博弈實驗也可以用于測量道德權威，參與者受益于合作博弈時其他參與者的決策，文化同質化和在談判中地位的影響。雖然在可比性顯然是不完美的，但這肯定是最好的定性措施。幸運的是，由于了解典型的博弈——像那些在本章討論的——沒有超出簡單的邏輯的要求，可以使博弈被用作一種最小的數學分類。正如我們將看到的一些簡單的實驗，來讓研究人員找出是否有食品共享的規(guī)范，和對那些不分享的人懲罰。在某些情況下，許多人愿意花費資源減少別人的回報。 and by making precise predictions about how selfinterested players will actually play. Behavior in experiments which carefully control players’ strategies, information, and possible payoffs shows that actual choices often deviate systematically from the gametheoretic prediction based on selfinterest. These deviations are naturally interpreted as evidence of social norms (what players expect and feel obliged to do) and social preferences (how players feel when others earn more or less money). This evidence is now being used actively by economists to craft a parsimonious theory of social preferences which can be used to explain data from many different games in a simple way that makes fresh predictions. Since anthropologists are often interested in how social norms and preferences emerge, evolve, and vary