【正文】 al C. linguistic D. binational * _______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence. A. GenerativeB. Transformational C. XbarD. Phrase structure 習(xí)題5Exercises * I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:* 1.s performance does not always match his petence. * The object of study is the ideal speaker39。 Exercises * everyday munication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. Exercises * is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.* 17. * sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. neither is subordinate to the other. In other words, each clause is separable from the other and stand as a structurally independent S.A plex sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. , the two clauses in a plex sentence have unequal status, one subordinating the other. The incorporated, or subordinate, clause is normally called an embedded clause(子句), and the clause into which it is embedded is called a matrix sentence(主句). told Jane [that John liked linguistics]. saw [John reading a linguistics book].6.[For John to like linguistics] quite puzzled Mary. didn’t like linguistics [until he gave her a lecture]. lost the book [that he bought her].The characteristics of plex sentences:I. an embedded clause functions as a grammatical unit in its matrix clause. Therefore, the relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.II. most embedded clauses require an introductory word called a subordinator, such as “that”,” until ”.III. an embedded clause may not function as a grammatically wellformed sentence if it stands independently as a simple sentence unless its form changes. The structure of sentencesLanguage is a highly structured system of munication. Sentences are not formed by randomly bining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order to make a string of words not only meaningful but also linearly and hierarchicallystructured(線形結(jié)構(gòu)和層次結(jié)構(gòu)). The linear word order of a sentenceWhen a sentence is uttered or written down,the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. Meanwhile, they are heard or read as arranged one after another in a sequence. This sequential order of words suggests that the structure of a sentence is linear(線性).The students like the linguistics teacher.The hierarchical structure of a sentencethe sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents (成分) and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent, such as NP and VP. A: The students/like the/linguistics teacher.B: The/students like/the/linguistics teacher.C: The students like the/linguistics/teacher.D: The students//like/the linguistics teacher.Tree diagrams of sentence structureThe hierarchical order can be best illustrated with a tree diagram of constitute structure, so called because a diagram looks like an inverted tree.IC analysis is a new approach of sentence study that cuts a sentence into two (or more) segments. This kind of pure segmentation is simply dividing a sentence into its constituent elements without even knowing what they really are. What remain of the first cut are called“immediate constituents(直接成分)”and what are left at the final cut are called “ultimate constituents”.，“John left yesterday” can be thus segmented：“John| left | | yesterday”. We get two immediate constituents for the first cut (|) and they are “John” and “l(fā)eft yesterday”. Further split（||） this sentence generates three “ultimate constituents”: “John”,“l(fā)eft ”and “yesterday”.In additional to the use of structural tree diagrams,Linguists may show the hierarchical structure of Sentences by using brackets and subscripts labels.[ [ The students][ [ like][ the linguistics teacher]]] Syntactic categories: (句法類型) The term category in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense, .，noun, verb, subject, predicate, noun phrase, verb Phrase, etc. More specifically it refers to the defining properties of these general units：the categories of the noun, for example, include number, gender, case and accountability。 * 43. A(n) ___is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme * consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation. * 12.* The English spoken sounds, like any other language, are generally divided into two main classes: vowels and consonants. Exercises for Lecture IV* Speech sounds are limited in number. * Of the two media of language, writing is more basic than speech. * Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.* Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, . we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.習(xí)題3Exercises * Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.* The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.* The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.* Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.* Phonetically, the stress of a pound always falls on the second element, while the first element receives secondary stress.The affix “ish” in the word boyish conveys a g__________ meaning.