【正文】 ofessors and to have their ideas taken seriously. Only then will they develop the analytical skills required to think intelligently and creatively. Most students learn best by engaging in frequent and even heated debate, not by scribbling down a professor’s often unsatisfactory summary of plicated issues. They need small discussion classes that demand the mon labors of teacher and students rather than classes in which one person, however learned, propounds his or her own ideas. 學(xué)生需要向教授提問(wèn)，也需要?jiǎng)e人重視他們的想法。如果課堂上人人參與，學(xué)生就無(wú)法躲藏，教授也不太會(huì)被吸引去進(jìn)行學(xué)識(shí)上的自我表現(xiàn)。如果講課這一形式局限于三、四年級(jí)的學(xué)生，則對(duì)學(xué)生的興趣和熱情的破壞力會(huì)比目前的制度小得多，因?yàn)槿⑺哪昙?jí)的學(xué)生不太需要學(xué)科上的指導(dǎo)與幫助，而且更有能力自己制定學(xué)習(xí)計(jì)劃。但是，事實(shí)上，教師，甚至學(xué)生和管理者聯(lián)合起來(lái)使得這一制度繼續(xù)存在，且運(yùn)行的很好。Worse still, attending lectures is passive learning, at least for inexperienced listeners. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and them have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have not yet fully learned how to learn. While it’s true that techniques of active listening, such as trying to anticipate the speaker’s next point or taking notes selectively, can enhance the value of a lecture, few students possess such skills at the beginning of their college careers. More monly, students try to write everything down and even bring tape recorders to class in a clumsy effort to capture every word.更糟的是，聽(tīng)課是被動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)，至少對(duì)沒(méi)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的聽(tīng)眾如此。學(xué)期末她只要看看筆記，再記記一些事件、年代就可以跟上進(jìn)度。難道他真的在他唯一的學(xué)生缺席的情況下對(duì)著空教室講了一課？Fowkes認(rèn)為這太有可能了。Some days Mary sits in the front row, from where she can watch the professor read from a stack of yellowed notes that seem nearly as old as he is. She is bored by the lectures, and so are most of the other students, to judge by the way they are nodding off or doodling in their notebooks. Gradually she realizes the professor is as bored as his audience. At the end of each lecture he asks, “Are there any questions?” in a tone of voice that makes it plain he would much rather there weren’t. He needn’t worry—the students are as relieved as he is that the class is over.有幾天瑪麗坐在前排，她可以看到教授在讀一疊幾乎和他年紀(jì)一樣老的發(fā)黃的講義。One problem with