【正文】 子》 (18461848)。 mystery to make the story fascinating. 4. The Power of Exposure As the greatest representative of English critical realism, Dickens made his novel the instrument of morality amp。 ② both novelists, humorists。 hereditary influences which govern human action. 4. She is interested in the development of a soul, the slow growth or decline of moral power of the character. 5. Eliot holds the belief that a certain act in daily life will produce a definite moral effect on the individual. 6. Most of her novels are characterized by two features: moral teaching amp。 extraordinary personalities. IV. Theme the struggle of an individual towards selfrealization. V. Style 1. realism (criticism of the existing society) bined with romanticism (horror, mystery amp。 IV. H’ s Ideas of Fate Most of Hardy’ s novels are tragic. The cause is not man’ s own behavior or his own fault but the supernatural forces that rule his fate. According to Hardy, man is not the master of his destiny。 criticize the evil of capitalism。 tyrannical man. The poem is written in heroic couplets, but with no regular metrical system. In reading, it sounds like blank verse. V. the Dramatic Monologue 戲劇獨(dú)白 The dramatic monologue is a soliloquy in drama in which the voice speaking is not the poet himself, but a character invented by the poet, so that it reflects life objectively. Thomas Hardy(18401928) I. Life (novelist and poet) a. Born in Dorchester — “ Wessex” b. close to peasantry c. belief in evolution II. Works: 1. Tess of the D’ Urbervilles《德伯家的苔絲》 2. Jude the Obscure《無名的裘德》 3. The Return of the Native《還鄉(xiāng)》 4. Far from the Madding Crowd《遠(yuǎn)離塵囂》 5. The Mayor of Casterbridge《卡斯特橋市長》 III. Tess of the D’ Urbervilles 1. subtitle “ a pure woman” 2. Plot (p315319) 3. Pessimistic philosophy。 Gothic elements) Gothic Novel The word “ Gothic” originally implied medieval, but in the later 18th century, when the Gothic novel became influential, the word added the implication of mystery, horror and supernatural. Gothic novel is a type of prose fiction which flourished in 1790s and early years in the 19th century. It once refers to the novel which produces stories set in lonely frightening Gothic places. It is now generally applied to literature dealing with the strange, mysterious and supernatural designed to invoke suspense and terror in the readers. On Gothic Novel There is a strong Gothic strain in many mainstream 19th century works, including the works of the Brontes, Dickens, Edgar Allan Poe, and Hawthorne. In the 20th century, the genre flourished notably in popular horror fiction and films. Jane eyre Significance: 1. one of the most popular amp。 showing them in the lives of her characters, she starts a new type of realism amp。 some ical people (Mr. Micawber, etc.) are superb. Dickens also employs exaggeration in his works. Dickens’ works are also characterized by a mixture of humor amp。 words that fit them: that is, right words amp。 irritation American Notes 《 美國紀(jì)行》 (1842)。 technology, new inventions amp。 physical diseases as they are. To be true to life bees the first requirement for literary writing. As the mirror of truth, literature has e very close to daily life, reflecting its practical problems amp。 with different techniques, they shared one thing in mon, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the mon people. They were angry at the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the moneyworship amp。 realistically the great changes that were going on in people’s life amp。 experiments are to witness their bumper harvest. The Chartist Movement （ 18361848） The English workers got themselves anized in big cities amp。 richness, there existed widespread poverty amp。 The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club 《匹克威克外傳》 (18361837)。 A Tale of Two Cities 《雙城記》 (1859)。 a largescale criticism of the 19thcentury England, particularly London. A bination of optimism about people amp。 Silas Marner (1861), all drawn from her lifelong knowledge of English country life amp。 realization of their goals, amp。 Elizabeth Barrett I. Life Legendary love, happy marriage II. E’ s Works From Sons from the Portuguese(p305) III. Features: 1. theme: love 2. Feature: reason amp。 2. love。 4. age。 received his education mainly from his private tutor, amp。 Emily Bronte I. Life of the Bronte sisters Charlotte(39), Emily(30) ,Anne(29) 1. born in Yorkshire moors, daughters of a poor country clergyman. 2. 2 elder daughters died in the charity school 3. Charlotte and Emily once worked as governesses II. Jane Eyre 簡 high moral tone. 2. 1863, Romola, a full elaborately documented story of Florence in the time of Savornarola. 3. Felix Holt, the Radical, her only novel on English politics. 4. 1872, Middlemarch, a panoramic book, Gee Eliot’ s greatest achievement 5. 1876, last novel, Daniel Deronda. These novels, together with a number of poems amp。 so on. His later works show a highly conscious modern artist. The settings are more plicated。 Our Mutual Friend 《我們共同的朋友》 (18641865)。 Nicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯 working conditions, the mass unemployment amp。 better living amp。 great works abounded. a. introduction of characters from the working class b. strong hatred for vices in the society c. an illusion of bringing about social justice and harmony by reforms d. an interest in woman emancipation (Charlotte Bronte) 3. Representatives: Charles Dickens。 challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18thcentury realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to the criticism of the society amp。 brought greater suffering amp。 material progress. But the last three decades of the centu