【正文】 e Retention Process Efficiency Low Cost Adequate Staffing Low cost service suppliers Employee’s families are supportive Employees are willing to move Desired employees are recruited Minimum benefits Minimum transport distance Minimize resources to process Minimize time to process Hard to measure Easy to measure 14 Measure: Process Capability Does the historical data show an increasing trend? How would you characterize the process capability of the relocation process? What is a “defect”? What is the Process Sigma of this process? File: and Be prepared to discuss these topics with the class. Demonstrate with Minitab. 15 Measure: Process Capability File: Background: This file contains the historical relocation expense, number of employees relocated, by month for 20xx and 20xx. Calculate the Cost per Employee. Create a time series plot to demonstrate upward trend. 16 Measure: Process Capability Stattime seriestrend analysis Cost per relocation are increasing 17 Measure: Process Capability Background: To determine our current process capability, we need to understand our “yield” with respect to the relocation budget. For the baseline period of 20xx20xx: Our cost is averaging $17274 per employee relocated in the two years. The 20xx data shows in increase to an average of $19774 per employee. The goal is $15,000 per employee (25% decrease to $20,000 average). ?Use the data in . ?Based on the data, determine if you will use Method 1 or Method 2 (worksheets follow) and state why Calculate the current sigma level using the method selected. 18 Calculating Process Sigma: Method 1 1. Determine number of defect opportunities O = ______ per unit 2. Determine number of units processed N = ______ 3. Determine total number of defects D = ______ made (include defects made and later fixed) 4. Calculate Defects Per Opportunity DPO = = ______ 5. Calculate Yield Yield = (1DPO) x 100 = ______ 6. Look up Process sigma in the Process Sigma Table Process Sigma = ______ D N x O 19 Calculating Process Sigma: Method 2 1 . E n t e r a v e r a g e , s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n , a n d s p e c l i m i t s2 . L a b e l a N o r m a l c u r v e ?Av era ge ?St a nda rd d ev ia t ion ?U SL (and s h ade t o L EF T f or A r ea ?L S L (a nd s hade t o LEF T f or Area 3 . D e t e r m i n e a r e a b e l o w U S L ( A r e a 1 )5 . C a l c u l a t e Y ie l d6 . L o o k u p Y i e ld i n P r o c e s s S i g m a T a b lesX + sXF i n d Z 1 L o o k u p Z 1 i n N o r m a l T a b l eN o r m D is t ( Z 1 ) = V a lu e f r o m N o r m a l T a b le =4 . D e t e r m i n e a r e a b e l o w L S L , i f a n y ( A r e a 2 )F i n d Z 2 L o o k u p Z 2 i n N o r m a l T a b l eZ 2 = =( ) ?( )( )=N o r m D is t ( Z 2 ) = V a lu e f r o m N o r m a l T a b le =Y i e l d = A r e a 1 ? A r e a 2 = _ _ _ _ _ ? _ _ _ _ _ =Y i e l d ( p e r c e n t a g e ) = Y i e l d x 1 0 0 % =P r o c e s s S i g m a = L o o k u p i n S i g m a T a b l e =Z 1 ==( ) ? ( )( )=U S L ? XsX = _ _ _ _ _ _ s = _ _ _ _ _ _ U S L = _ _ _ _ _ _ L S L = _ _ _ _ _ _ _L SL ? Xs20 Calculating Process Sigma: Method 1 Answer 1. Determine number of defect opportunities O = ___1___ per unit 2. Determine number of units processed N = ___44__ 3. Determine total number of defects D = __26___ made (include defects made and later fixed) 4. Calculate Defects Per Opportunity DPO = = 5. Calculate Yield Yield = (1DPO) x 100 = __41%_ 6. Look up Process sigma in the Process Sigma Table Process Sigma = D N x O 21 Measure: Calculating Process Sigma Method 1 was used to calculate Process Sigma because the number of defects could be counted in the data provided. Method 2 could also be used. The mean is above the USL ($15,000), meaning the yield is 50%. 22 Measure: Stratification Based on the actions identified in a data collection plan, the team collected data on the cost categories associated with relocation costs. Using the File: , generate a Pareto diagram of cost, by category, to determine the categories of focus for your team. 23 Measure: Sample Answer 24 Measure: Cause and Effect Develop Cause and Effect diagrams for the top two Pareto categories of cost. For which causes would you develop additional data collection plans? Note: The cost “Transport of Belongings” will be the focused problem of this case study in the remaining slides. 25 Measure: Sample Answer H i g h T ra n s p o rt a t i o n C o s t sD i s t a n c eV o l u m e o f b e l o n g i n g sS t o r a g eS p e c i a l R e q u e s t sU n p a c k i n gP a c k i n g a n d m o v i n gT r u c k i n g C o m p a n yT r u c k U t i l i z a t i o nF u e l C o s tT ru c k i n gLaborM o v eM e t h o d sM e a s u re m e n t sEn v i ro n m e n tC a u s e a n d E f f e c t D i a g r a mD i v i s i o n a l Pro c e d u re sR e i m b u rs e m e n t L i m i tM o v i n g C o m p a n yW e i g h t A l l o w a n ceF l a t F e e26 Measure: Sample Answer H i g h T e m p o r a r y H o u s i n g C o s t sf u r n i s h i n g sd u r a t i o np o o l / s a u n a o f r o o m sA p t . v s . h o u s eC i t y v s . r u r a lN e