【正文】 the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft . For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate a receptor protein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting in depolarization of the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimer39。這種反映是在認(rèn)知的基礎(chǔ)上，一方面形成積極信念（相信這種商品或這個企業(yè)會給自己提供某種利益），同時又伴有美好的情感體驗（好感度），產(chǎn)生了 積極的評價。 25. 廣告中常見的情感類型有哪些？舉例說明。②消費者的社會經(jīng)濟地位。 而低卷入程度只能導(dǎo)致一條通向態(tài)度改變的“邊緣路徑”。 利用漢語特點組織編碼。人們在知覺過程中會進行推論，利用這種現(xiàn)象制作的廣告往往也會收到意想不到的效果。 20世紀(jì) 40年代后，對消費者深層動機的探討引起人們極大的興趣。 產(chǎn)生： 1879年德國 心理學(xué)家馮特就建立第一個心理學(xué)實驗室，標(biāo)志著科學(xué)心理學(xué)的誕生。 8. 閾下知覺廣告和植入式廣告（例如隱含在電影或電視畫面中的廣告）的區(qū)別是什么？ 植入式廣告視覺器官雖然可以接收到閃過的消息（能夠意識到），但是由于廣告閃現(xiàn)速度太快，或刺激強度太弱或太強，人們往往認(rèn)識不到這是廣告，從而在不知不覺中接受了廣告。 13. 舉例說明廣告該如何重復(fù)才能起到積極效果。 聯(lián)想是由當(dāng)前感知的事物回憶起另一種有關(guān)的事物，或者由想起的一種事物聯(lián)想起有關(guān)的另一種事物。第三，這一主張必須聚焦在一個點上，集中強力打動、感染和吸引消費者來 購買廣告商品。 ②社會學(xué)習(xí)。實際上，對廣告的心理效果的測定，在事前、事中、事后測評中都要涉及，這也反映出他在廣告效果測定中的重要地位。購買后的消費或使用，使消費者感到滿意，從而獲得正強化，形成對品牌的忠誠，產(chǎn)生了認(rèn)牌購買，即“再購買”或“持續(xù)購買”，即忠誠度。 the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting。 and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the plas to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen by studying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work – from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit. analytic geometry, branch of geometry in which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such as Cartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most mon application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equation ax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexyplane, and the linear equation ax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, where a, b, c, and da