【正文】 riginal thirteen rules remain, the game soon changed considerably, and the founder had little to do with its evolution. The first intercollegiate game was played in Minnesota in 1895, with nine players to a side and a final score of nine to three. A year later, the first fiveman teams played at the University of Chicago. Baskets were now constructed of twine s but it was not until 1906 that the bottom of the s were open. In 1897, the dribble was first used, field goals became two points, foul shots one point, and the first professional game was played. A year later, the first professional league was started, in the East, while in 1900, the first intercollegiate league began. In 1910, in order to limit rough play, it was agreed that four fouls would disqualify players, and glass backboards were used for the first time. Noheless, many rules still differed, depending upon where the games were played and whether professionals, collegians, or YMCA players were involved. College basketball was played from Texas to Wisconsin and throughout the East through the 1920s, but most teams played only in their own regions, which prevented a national game or audience from developing. Professional basketball was played almost exclusively in the East before the 1920s, except when a team would barnstorm into the Midwest to play local teams, often after a league had folded. Before the 1930s very few games, either professional or amateur, were played in facilities suitable for basketball or with a perfectly round ball. Some were played in arenas with chicken wire separating the players from fans, thus the word cagers, others with posts in the middle of the floor and often with balconies overhanging the corners, limiting the areas from which shots could be taken. Until the late 1930s, all players used the twohand set shot, and scores remained low. Basketball in the 1920s and 1930s became both more anized and more popular, although it still lagged far behind both baseball and college football. In the pros, five urban, ethnic teams excelled and played with almost no college graduates. They were the New York Original Celtics。s appeal and Podoloff39。 under these premises, the two joined to form the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. A rival American Basketball Association (ABA) was inaugurated in 1967 and challenged the NBA for college talent and market share for almost ten years. In 1976, this league disbanded, but four of its teams remained as NBA teams. Unification came just in time for major television support. Several women39。s ball is in (7274 cm) in circumference. The covering of the ball is leather, rubber, position, or synthetic, although leather covers only are dictated by 5 rules for college play, unless the teams agree otherwise. Orange is the regulation color. At all levels of play, the home team provides the ball. Inflation of the ball is based on the height of the ball39。 教師評價(jià)內(nèi)容可概括為教師素質(zhì)發(fā)展評價(jià)、教師教育教學(xué)行為評價(jià)和教師教育教學(xué)效果評價(jià)三個方面 34． 教師自我反思的主要途徑有那些？ 一是教學(xué)筆記二是反思日志三是交流討論四是調(diào)查研究五是通過理論文獻(xiàn) 35．學(xué)生評教在運(yùn)用時(shí)應(yīng)注意那些問題？ 第一，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生端正評價(jià)態(tài)度，構(gòu)筑積極的師生關(guān)系。其次是合理設(shè)置評價(jià)問題和內(nèi)容。二是具有較強(qiáng)的可控性。 18． 簡要說明評價(jià)中被評者障礙心理產(chǎn)生的原因及其調(diào)控方法。 4． 簡述泰勒模式 泰勒模式就是以教育目標(biāo)為導(dǎo)向，把教育目標(biāo)轉(zhuǎn)化為 可測量的學(xué)生的行為目標(biāo)，并根據(jù)這些行為目標(biāo)編制課程、教材或教學(xué)方案，開展教學(xué)活動，然后依據(jù)行為目標(biāo)對教學(xué)活動的效果進(jìn)行評價(jià)，判斷實(shí)際教學(xué)活動的效果達(dá)到預(yù)期教育目標(biāo)的程度。常用的描述一組評價(jià)數(shù)據(jù)波動情況的量數(shù)主要有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、四分差、差異系數(shù)。 （二） 名詞解釋 1． 教育評價(jià) 教育評價(jià)是評價(jià)者根據(jù)一定社會確定的教育目標(biāo) 和價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，對教育活動滿足社會及受教育者需要的程度作出判斷的活動。 18．測驗(yàn)的類型按照測驗(yàn)的性質(zhì)分，可以分為成就測驗(yàn)和心理測驗(yàn)。 4．按評價(jià)主體劃分，可將評價(jià)分為他人評價(jià)和自我評價(jià)。 11． 教育評價(jià)中信息資料匯總的技術(shù)主要有兩種，一種是手工匯總，一種是計(jì)算機(jī)匯總。 27．學(xué)校領(lǐng)導(dǎo)班子成員個體素質(zhì)評價(jià)主要應(yīng)包括：政治素質(zhì)、業(yè)務(wù)素質(zhì)、身心素質(zhì)和工作作風(fēng)。它是調(diào)查研究中最常用的方法。 21． 學(xué)校管理工作評價(jià) 是對學(xué)校管理工作的過程 .狀態(tài)和效果作出價(jià)值判斷 22． 學(xué)校管理工作績校評價(jià) 就是對學(xué)校管理工作過程及其行為結(jié)果所取得的成績和效果的價(jià)值判斷 23． 區(qū)域教育評價(jià) 區(qū)域教育評價(jià)是對某區(qū)域的教育功效給予價(jià)值判斷。 教育評價(jià)實(shí)施的一般步驟：宣傳動員，預(yù)評價(jià)，復(fù)評價(jià)。 22． 問卷調(diào)查法有那些優(yōu)點(diǎn)和局限？ 問卷調(diào)查法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)：一是時(shí)間靈活、效率高。 27．簡述 布魯姆的教育目標(biāo)分類理論中關(guān)于認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域的教育目標(biāo)分類。第 二，恰當(dāng)處理業(yè)績評價(jià)與發(fā)展性教師評價(jià)的關(guān)系。 43． 學(xué)校管理工作評價(jià)有那些基本原則？ 學(xué)校管理工作評價(jià)應(yīng)堅(jiān)持的基本原則： 1．方向性原則； 2．客觀性原則； 3．發(fā)展性原則；4．連續(xù)性 原則； 5．發(fā)展性原則。 and Japan in 1900. From 1891 through 1893, a soccer ball was used to play basketball. The first basketball was manufactured in 1894. It was 32 in (81 cm) in circumference, or about 4 in (10 cm) larger than a soccer ball. The dedicated basketball was made of laced leather and weighed less than 20 oz (567 g). The first molded ball that eliminated the need for laces was introduced in 1948。s Harlem Globetrotters, which was actually from Chicago. While these teams had some notable players, no superstars, such as Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, or Red Grange, emerged to capture the public39。s development: zone defenses, the weave, the passing game, and the fast break. In the decade preceding World War II, five events changed college basketball and allowed it to bee a major spectator sport. In 1929, the rules mittee reversed a decision that would have outlawed dribbling and slowed the game considerably. Five years later, promoter Edward Ned Irish staged the first intersectional twin bill in Madison Square Garden in New York City and attracted more than 16,000 fans. He demonstrated the appeal of major college ball and made New York its center. In December 1936, Hank Luisetti of Stanford revealed the virtues of the onehanded shot to an amazed Garden audience and became the first major collegiate star. Soon thereafter, Luisetti scored an incredible fifty points against Duquesne, thus ending the East39。s basketball. Until World War II, basketball became increasingly popula